EMeRGe: Effect of Megacities on the Transport and Transformation of Pollutants on the Regional to Global Scales

在世界范围内，主要人口中心（MPCs）的数量和规模都在增加。近年来，对MPC羽流的迁移和转化影响的研究受到了科学界的广泛关注，但我们的知识仍然非常有限和不足。EMeRGe利用新的HALO飞机研究平台的独特功能，通过进行空中运动，结合对主要短期气候污染物（即反应气体、临时储层和气溶胶）的解释和建模，研究MPC排放对当地、区域和半球尺度空气污染的影响。第二个目标是推断由MPC排放引起的辐射强迫的变化。其中一个重点是研究来自选定的欧洲和亚洲MPC的羽流的运输和转化，特别关注臭氧和气溶胶的形成速度。欧空局和欧洲气象卫星组织（EUMETSAT）运营的卫星群的数据，与HALO的数据相比，空间分辨率较低，但覆盖区域和全球，也将用于补充和增强对HALO上的EMeRGe测量有效载荷提供的关键大气参数和痕量成分的独特快照的解释。计划在欧洲和亚洲使用HALO上优化的测量有效载荷进行两次活动。来自HALO、地面和卫星仪器的综合数据集将用于协同限制我们的知识并检验我们的理解。此外，EMeRGe机载测量将为卫星数据产品的验证和升级提供独特的机会。在EMeRGe中，将通过执行优化的横断面和垂直剖面来测量进入和离开欧洲和离开亚洲的羽流的成分。这一策略可以用准拉格朗日方法研究各种MPCs的流出，从而识别出流出的传输和转化中的差异和共性。分析的关键科学问题将是扩散和输送模式、主导MPC排放化学转化的因素、欧洲和亚洲MPC对大气成分的区域和半球影响、欧洲和亚洲MPC排放与辐射强迫和气候变化的相关性以及模拟欧洲和亚洲MPC羽流输送和转化过程的化学模型的充分性。在与欧洲、亚洲和美国科学界的国际研究伙伴关系中，EMeRGe的首要目标是促进测量和建模研究。这将有助于对所有观测数据产品（即飞机、地面和卫星数据）进行更全面的综合分析，使EMeRGe成为研究MPCs羽流运输和转化的里程碑。

The number and size of major population centers (MPCs) is increasing worldwide. The investigation of the impact of transport and transformation of plumes from MPC has lately received much attention in the scientific community but our knowledge is still quite limited and inadequate. EMeRGe exploits the unique capabilities of the new HALO aircraft research platform to investigate the impact of MPC emissions on air pollution at local, regional and hemispheric scales by making airborne campaigns, coupled with interpretation and modelling of primarily the short lived climate pollutants, i.e. reactive gases, temporary reservoirs, and aerosol. A secondary objective is to infer the changes in radiative forcing resulting from MPC emissions. One focus is the study of the transport and transformation of plumes from selected European and Asian MPC with special focus on the rate of formation of ozone and aerosols. Data from the satellite fleet operated by ESA and EUMETSAT, which in comparison to that from HALO, has low spatial resolution but regional and global coverage, will also be used to complement and enhance the interpretation of the unique snapshot of key atmospheric parameters and trace constituents provided by the EMeRGe measurement payload on HALO. Two campaigns using an optimized payload of measurements on HALO based in Europe and Asia are planned. The combined set of data from HALO, ground based and satellite instrumentation will be used to synergistically constrain our knowledge and test our understanding. In addition the EMeRGe airborne measurements will provide a unique opportunity for validation and upscaling of satellite data products. In EMeRGe the composition of the plumes entering and leaving Europe and leaving Asia will be measured by performing optimized transects and vertical profiling. This strategy enables the outflow from a variety of MPCs to be studied in quasi-Lagrangian approach and therefore to identify differences and commonalities in the transport, and transformation of the outflow. Key scientific questions of the analysis will be the dispersion and transport patterns, the factors dominating the chemical transformation of MPCs emissions, the regional and hemispheric effects of European and Asian MPCs of atmospheric composition, the relevance of emission from European and Asian MPCs for radiative forcing and climate change and the adequacy of chemical models for the simulation of transport and transformation processes of European and Asian MPC plumes. An overarching objective of EMeRGe is to stimulate measurements and modelling studies, within an international EMeRGe research partnership with the European, Asian, and American science community. This will facilitate a much more comprehensive integrated analysis of all set of observational data products (i.e. aircraft, ground and satellite based data), making EMeRGe a milestone in the study of the transport and transformation of plumes from MPCs.