Archaeometric Study of Glazed Brick, Architectural Decoration from the 1st Millennium BCE, North-western Iran

釉面砖使古近东宫殿、寺庙和其他重要建筑在公元前2-1千年变得活跃起来。美索不达米亚北部的新亚述人和其他民族以及埃及等邻近地区的人用釉面砖装饰他们的建筑。然而，最著名、最华丽、最受研究的釉砖装饰是新巴比伦时期和阿契美尼德时期的装饰，分别位于巴比伦和波斯波利斯。在19世纪从巴比伦、苏萨和其他遗址挖掘出的砖块最初被发现之后，几年后的20世纪60年代，一种新的亚述风格的釉砖通过秘密挖掘出现在艺术市场上，尤其是来自西阿塞拜疆省。有些似乎起源于第一个千年的曼内王国(阿卡迪亚·曼奈)及其邻国，在古代亚述和/或乌拉图的政治、军事和文化影响范围内。最近在Qalaichi、Rabat、Ziwiyeh和Hasanlu进行的官方发掘发现了釉质材料，这是我们研究的基础。与Elamite和Assyrian手工艺品的图像比较显示出亲缘关系，但只有新亚述人的釉面装饰与遗传有关。作为对这些伊朗西北部釉面砖艺术史研究的补充，样品可以通过官方渠道在德国进行岩石学研究。现在是研究釉面技术如何与新亚述人的釉面技术相匹配的时候了，这与两者在图像上的明显相似之处相辅相成。考古研究是为了展示不同遗址产品之间的异同，是更大范围研究伊朗西北部铁器时代釉砖装饰艺术史的组成部分。我们建议当地的生产地点依赖于新亚述人的技术，独立于Elamite的影响。必须确定进口商品的身份。

Glazed bricks enlivened the architecture in Ancient Near Eastern palaces, temples and other important structures during the 2nd and 1st millennia BCE. Neo-Assyrians and other peoples in northern Mesopotamia and those in neighbouring areas such as Egypt decorated their architecture with glazed bricks. However, the best known, most splendid and most studied glazed brick decoration are those of the Neo-Babylonian and Achaemenid Periods, respectively at Babylon and Persepolis. After an initial recovery of excavated bricks in the 19th century from Babylon, Susa and other sites, years later in the 1960s a new kind of Assyrian-looking glazed brick turned up in the art market from clandestine excavations, originating particularly in the West Azerbaijan Province. Some appear to have originated from the 1st millennium kingdom of Mannea (Akkadian Mannai) and its neighbours, in the political, military and cultural sphere of influence of ancient Assyria and/or Urartu. Recent official excavations at Qalaichi, Rabat, Ziwiyeh and Hasanlu have yielded glazed materials, the basis of our study. Iconographic comparisons with Elamite and Assyrian artefacts suggest affinities, but only Neo-Assyrian glazed decoration are linked genetically. Complementary to the study of the art history of these NW Iranian glazed bricks, samples became available through official channels for petrological study in Germany.The time is right to study how the glaze technology matches that of the Neo-Assyrians, complementary to the manifest iconographic resemblances between the two. Archaeometric study is to show similarities and differences between the products of the different sites, a component of a larger art historical study of the NW Iranian Iron Age glazed brick decoration. We propose local production sites dependent on Neo-Assyrian technology and independent of Elamite influence. Imports must be identified.