Cultural and political developments in the borderland between Mesopotamia and Iran: Research on the Bronze Age urban center of Bakr Awa

申请项目的目的是对伊拉克苏莱曼尼亚省扎格罗斯山麓的Bakr Awa遗址进行考古研究，并对发掘的青铜器时代材料和记录在案的数据进行研究。在这一时期，Bakr Awa是Shahrizor平原的一个主要城市中心，位于美索不达米亚和伊朗之间的边境地带。它的文化和政治发展反映了这个鲜为人知的地区的历史进程，其特点是与美索不达米亚北部和南部以及伊朗的关系不稳定。这座城市控制着周边地区，重要的军事和贸易路线穿过该地区。该遗址为了解美索不达米亚文明边界的文化变迁提供了绝佳的机会。研究重点是关于青铜时代早期、中期和晚期的不同问题：公元前3千年早期，早期王朝的陶器和14世纪的数据证明了早期王朝的定居。然而，晚期铜石器时代的乌鲁克传统似乎还在继续，应该进一步调查。从阿卡德时期和后阿卡德时期开始，保存完好的大型建筑的石头地基和一个小的圣所就闻名了。这种建筑在美索不达米亚北部也有相似之处。典型的阿卡德陶器可以与底格里斯河中部遗址的陶器相比较。大约公元前2000年，这座城市经历了一段繁荣时期。建筑和人工制品表明，美索不达米亚核心地区的思想和技术被迅速采用。与南方的标准相比，当地的标本在质量和制作上丝毫不逊色。许多国内墓葬提供了具有地区间特征的墓葬，但它们也反映了特定的地方习俗。公元前2000年下半叶发现了两座官方建筑和一个行政和宗教楔形文字档案。他们的内容以及陶器和小的发现证明了在这个定居点范围内，来自北胡里安和南卡西特的文化重叠影响。因此，有必要追踪这些变化影响的原因，并特别关注当地的特殊性。所获得的考古数据还补充了政治历史和历史地理的书面资料，以及对原材料、骨骼、金属制品和陶器的生物考古和考古分析，以重建自给经济、生产技术以及巴克尔阿瓦人口的起源和结构。计划中的实地研究是该地区一系列国际研究项目的一部分，其中Bakr Awa是青铜时代的主要参考地点。

The aim of the applied project is archaeological research on the site of Bakr Awa in the foothills of the Zagros Mountains in the Sulaimaniya province / Iraq, and work on the excavated Bronze Age material and documented data. In this period Bakr Awa was a major urban center in the Shahrizor Plain, in the borderland between Mesopotamia and Iran. Its cultural and political development reflects the historical processes in this little-known region distinguished by volatile relations to Northern and Southern Mesopotamia as well as to Iran. The city was in controlling position over the surrounding region which was crossed by important military and trade routes. The site provides an excellent opportunity to understand cultural changes on the border of the Mesopotamian civilizations. The research focuses on different questions concerning the Early, Middle and Late Bronze Age: For the early 3rd millennium BC, an Early Dynastic settlement is proven by Early Dynastic pottery and 14C data. However, the late Chalcolithic Uruk traditions seem to continue and should be further investigated. From the Akkadian and Post-Akkadian period well preserved stone foundations of large buildings and a small sanctuary are known. This kind of architecture has its parallels in Northern Mesopotamia. The typical Akkadian pottery can be compared with ware from sites on the middle Tigris. Around 2000 BC the city experienced a period of prosperity. Architecture and artifacts indicate a rapid adoption of ideas and technologies from the Mesopotamian core areas. Compared to southern standards, the local specimens were in no way inferior in quality and execution. Many intramural burials provide grave goods of interregional character, but they reflect also particular local practices. Dating to the second half of the 2nd millennium BC two official buildings and an archive with administrative and religious cuneiform texts were found. Their content as well as pottery and small finds prove an cultural overlap of influences from the Hurrian North and Kassite South in this settlement horizon. Thus, it is necessary to trace the causes of these changing influences, with special focus on local particularities. The archaeological data obtained are supplemented by written sources for political history and historical geography as well as by bioarchaeological and archaeometric analyzes of raw materials, bones, metal artefacts, and pottery, for reconstruction of subsistence economy, production technologies, and origin and structure of Bakr Awa´s population. The planned field research is embedded in a range of international research projects in the region, for which Bakr Awa constitutes the main Bronze Age reference site.