Standards 2.0. Livelihoods of Indian smallholder farmers between global and domestic value chains for organic and fair trade agri-food products

小农耕作被视为农业和粮食安全的支柱。在最近的学术辩论中，经济地理学家也特别关注农业食品全球化对小规模或小农的影响。相关研究涉及价值链治理、进入全球市场的决定因素以及这种一体化对SHF的利弊等问题。一个突出的问题是标准监管和认证体系的兴起，包括私人食品标准，以及正在进行的关于这些标准是否对全球南方的SHF构成障碍并阻碍生计改善和减贫的辩论，或者它们是否会导致产品和/或工艺升级机制（排除辩论）。人们经常认为，替代性营销战略，如有机或公平贸易农业，可以通过增加收入来改善SHF的生计，因为这些细分市场提供了溢价。传统上，全球南方国家的有机和公平贸易生产一直以出口为导向，受到全球北方不断增长的需求的推动。然而，最近的事态发展表明，这类产品的市场在全球南方国家也在增长，特别是在金砖国家，上层和新兴中产阶级对更可持续和健康食品的需求正在增长。这可能意味着，这些国家以前以出口市场为目标的产品现在可以转向或增加，以满足本国的国内需求。虽然在学术辩论中很少或根本没有注意到这一现象，但这里的论点是，将小农的参与从国际价值链转移到国内价值链，是分析家庭和社区一级生计结果的潜在变化以及价值链治理的相关目标。 该项目旨在以印度为例弥补这一缺陷，因为印度的农业制度以小规模结构为主。与此同时，在国内有机市场上可以看到两位数的增长，公平贸易产品也有望实现这一增长。 这里提出的研究成果有助于在概念和实践层面。从概念上讲，这里提出的主要论点是，（全球）价值链分析可以受益于更明确和富有成效的联系，生计和公约的理论框架。实际上，它将揭示获得和参与国内生产相对于出口生产的相对优势，大概以不同的质量理解和治理结构为特征，为SHF生计成果。通过分析将SHF纳入两个不同价值链的例子（有机作为一个更成熟的运动，公平贸易作为替代食品运动的一个相对较新的动力），我们可以比较市场成熟度不同阶段的动态。

Smallholder farming is regarded as the backbone of agriculture and food security. Particular scrutiny in recent academic debates, also among economic geographers, has been given to the implications of the agri-food globalization for small-scale or smallholder farmers (SHF). According studies address questions around value chain governance, about determinants of access to global markets, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of this integration for SHF. One prominent issue is the rise of standard regulation and certification systems, including private food standards, and the ongoing debate about whether these standards display a barrier for SHF in the Global South and hamper livelihood improvement and poverty reduction, or if they could induce product and or process upgrading mechanisms (exclusion debate). It is often argued that alternative marketing strategies, such as organic or fair trade farming, can improve SHF livelihoods by increasing income due to premium prices offered in these market segments. Traditionally, organic and fair trade production in countries of the Global South has been export-oriented, driven by increasing demand in the Global North. However, recent developments indicate that markets for these types of products are growing also in countries of the Global South, and in the BRICS countries in particular, where demand of the upper- and rising new middle class for more sustainable and healthy foods are growing. This may imply that produce from these countries that was previously targeted for export markets can now be redirected or increased to meet own domestic demand. While little to no attention has been paid to this phenomenon in scholarly debates, the argument here is that shifting participation of smallholders from international to domestic value chains is a relevant objective for analyzing potential changes in livelihood outcomes on household and community level, and value chain governance alike. This project aims to address this lacuna by the example of India, where small-scale structures dominate the agrarian system. At the same time, double-digit growth has been observable in the domestic organic market and is expected for Fair Trade products. Outcomes of the study proposed here contribute on both conceptual and practical levels. Conceptually, the main argument made here is that (global) value chain analyses can benefit by more explicit and fruitful linkages to livelihood and convention theory frameworks. Practically, it shall reveal relative advantages of access to and participation in domestic as opposed to export production, presumably characterized by different quality understandings and governance structures, for SHF-livelihood outcomes. By analyzing the examples of inclusion of SHF in two distinctive value chains (Organic as a more established movement and fair trade as a relatively new momentum of alternative food movement), we can compare dynamics at different stages of market maturity.