An Interpersonal Model of Envy. Examining Interpersonal Antecedents and Consequences of Envy in Social Interactions

嫉妒是一种社会情绪，因为它产生于与另一个人的负面向上比较。以前的研究集中在经历嫉妒的人的人际反应上。因此，两个互动伙伴的人际感知或行为在很大程度上是未知的。此外，也有一个缺乏的研究，探讨了互动伙伴的个性特征和嫉妒的经验之间的关系。在前人对嫉妒研究的基础上，提出了一个嫉妒的人际模型。嫉妒的人际关系模型强调嫉妒中的人格特质、人际行为和交往双方的感知之间的动态相互作用。该模型声称，如果不分析两个人的观点，嫉妒的经验及其社会后果永远无法完全理解：嫉妒的社会情绪不仅是一个人所经历的，而且也是针对和接受的互动伙伴。该模型提出，双方互动伙伴的人格特质特别影响特定情况下的嫉妒体验-这一事实在以前的研究中基本上被忽视了。考虑到这种联系背后的机制，该模型表明，人格通过对情况的评估或通过可观察到的行为对经验产生影响。关于嫉妒的社会后果，该模型还关注互动伙伴的人际反应，并通过（可观察到的）情感表达来解释它们。此外，该模型强调，所提出的影响并不适用于所有的人以同样的方式，但调节情绪调节策略和遵守社会规范的倾向的个体差异。当前项目的目标是通过调查嫉妒在社会交往中的人际前因和后果来测试嫉妒的人际模型，重点是中介因素和调节因素，可以帮助推进对嫉妒人际现象的理解。本研究在以下几个方面扩展了以往的研究：1）在真实的社会交往中采用二元设计; 2）研究嫉妒中交往双方的人格特质、人际行为和人际感知之间的动态相互作用; 3）通过基于视频的行为观察来评估人际行为和情感表达; 4）采用适当的数据分析策略（即，行动者-伙伴-相互依赖-模型分析），以及5）将调查结果纳入过程模型。

Envy is a social emotion, as it arises from a negative upward comparison with another person. Previous research has focused on interpersonal responses of the person who experiences envy. Consequently, interpersonal perceptions or behaviors of both interaction partners are largely unknown. Furthermore, there is a dearth of research that has investigated the relation between personality traits of both interaction partners and the experience of envy. Extending previous research on envy, an Interpersonal Model of Envy is proposed. The Interpersonal Model of Envy stresses the dynamic interplay between personality traits, interpersonal behavior and perceptions of both interaction partners in envy. The model claims that experiences of envy and its social outcomes can never be fully understood without analyzing the perspectives of both individuals: the social emotion of envy is not just experienced by a person, but also directed at and received by the interaction partner. The model proposes that personality traits of both interaction partners specifically influence the experience of envy in specific situations - a fact that has been largely ignored in previous research. Considering the mechanisms underlying this link, the model suggests that personality has an effect on experience through the appraisal of the situation or through observable behaviors. With respect to the social consequences of envy, the model also focuses on interpersonal reactions of both interaction partners and explains them by the (observable) expression of the emotion. Additionally, the model emphasizes that the proposed effects do not apply to all people in the same way, but are moderated by individual differences in emotion regulation strategies and in tendencies to comply with social norms. The objective of the current project is to test the Interpersonal Model of Envy by investigating interpersonal antecedents and consequences of envy in social interactions, focusing on mediating factors and moderators that can help to advance understanding of the interpersonal phenomenon of envy. The current project proposal extends previous research as follows: It 1) uses a dyadic design in real social interactions, 2) investigates the dynamic interplay between personality traits, interpersonal behavior and interpersonal perceptions of both interaction partners in envy, 3) assesses interpersonal behavior and emotion expression by using video-based behavioral observation, 4) uses an appropriate strategy of data analysis (i.e., actor-partner-interdependence-model analyses), and 5) integrates findings in a process model.