Early Modes of Writing the Shoah: Practices of Knowledge and Textual Practices of Jewish Survivors in Europe (1942-1965)

这个项目关注的是七位犹太作家的知识实践和文本实践，他们在1942年至1965年之间发展了关于大屠杀的独特写作模式。该项目的中心矗立着约瑟夫·武尔夫、米歇尔·博尔维茨、纳赫曼·布鲁蒙特和诺埃格拉斯的作品，他们属于波兰中央犹太历史委员会，后来移民到法国和德国。除了这组作家，该项目还考察了战后留在荷兰的两名荷兰犹太人雅克·普雷瑟和阿贝尔·赫兹伯格的作品，以及1947年移民到英国的捷克斯洛伐克人H·G·阿德勒的作品。即使在作为囚犯被关押或逃离纳粹期间，这些作者仍然对种族灭绝进行研究(包括收集文件和证人报告)，并发展了不同的写作模式(文学、证词、学术、不同风格和流派)，阐述了新的知识形式。他们的作品具有跨学科的特点，以及他们在对象化和主观化手势之间平衡和转换的方式。这部作品的主体是多元的，一直到不同的写作模式，文本通过这些模式将学者的观点与作者和/或目击者的观点结合在一起。到目前为止，这些作者一直被单独视为属于离散的知识领域(有些是历史的，有些是文学的)。从这种分裂的方法出发，该项目审查了他们实践的多方面性质，并进一步询问文本产生的知识和他们采用的写作模式如何破坏甚至超越风格、体裁和学科之间的常见分歧。作为这项检查的一部分，该项目追求一种假设，即所检查的做法代表了一种重大的断裂，这可能被解释为降临在人类知识与浩劫之间的“灾难”的结果。将从以下三个方面分析将《浩劫》确立为知识对象的问题：--介绍在1961年艾希曼审判所称赞的“证人时代”之前所写的一部迄今被边缘化的文本集。-分析围绕这些文本并植根于特定文化和政治背景的创新知识文化。-将历史和社会科学认识论的方法与文学和证人证词提供的独特知识形式相结合。该项目的目标依赖于一种将历史领域与文学研究相结合的跨学科方法，特别是法国的历史研究(“写作历史”)和德国的文化科学(“文化科学”)。

This project focuses on the practices of knowledge and the textual practices of seven Jewish authors who developed distinctive modes of writing about the Shoah between 1942 and 1965. At the center of the project stand the works of Joseph Wulf, Michel Borwicz, Nachman Blumental, and Noé Grüss, who belonged to the Central Jewish Historical Commission in Poland and later immigrated to France and Germany. In addition to this group of authors, the project also looks at the works of Jacques Presser and Abel Herzberg, two Dutch Jews who remained in Holland after the war, as well as the writings of H.G. Adler from Czechoslovakia, who immigrated to England in 1947. Even while detained as prisoners or on the run from the Nazis, these authors still conducted research on genocide (including collections of documents and witness reports) and developed different modes of writing (literary, testimonial, academic, in different styles and genres) that articulated new forms of knowledge. Their writings are characterized by their interdisciplinarity and the ways in which they balance and shift between objectivizing and subjectivizing gestures. This body of work is polyvalent right down to the diverse modes of writing, through which the texts combine and blend the perspectives of the scholar with those of the author and/or eyewitness. Up until now, these authors have been treated separately as belonging to discrete fields of knowledge (some to history, some to literature). Departing from this divisive approach, the project examines the multifaceted nature of their practices and further asks how the knowledge the texts produce and the modes of writing they employ undermine or even transcend the usual divisions between styles, genres, and disciplines. As part of this examination, the project pursues the hypothesis that the examined practices represent a significant rupture that might be interpreted as the result of the 'Catastrophe' that befell human knowledge with the Shoah. The establishment of the Shoah as an object of knowledge will be analyzed according to the following three aspects: - The presentation of a heretofore marginalized text collection that was written before the 'era of the witness' hailed by the 1961 Eichmann trial. - The analysis of an innovative culture of knowledge surrounding these texts and embedded in specific cultural and political contexts. - The combination of approaches from the epistemology of history and social science with the unique forms of knowledge that literature and witness testimonies make available. The goals of the project rely on an interdisciplinary approach that unites the field of history with literary studies, in particular the French histoire des écrits ('History of writing') with the German Kulturwissenschaft ('cultural science').