Celtic Gold Fine metal work in the western part of the Western Latene culture

与哈尔斯塔特时期相比，非洲大陆在拉泰纳时期发生了一系列重要变化：黄金供应来源多样化，因为可回收黄金的存量日益占主导地位，而在铁器时代早期，主要使用的是天然冲积金。黄金用于铸币，硬币代表主要的黄金流通。受地中海图案启发的新的美学规范和设计正在兴起：促成了所谓早期凯尔特艺术的出现。储存黄金的背景从埋葬转向囤积，这与表达声望和财富的新方式有关。研究黄金制品的生产和消费似乎是了解拉泰因文化的经济、社会、艺术和技术发展的一个关键特征。这种文化的特征确实是新的社会和经济动态导致了外国接触。这种新的背景通过精细金属制品的风格和技术可见一斑。这一时期对凯尔特艺术的发展至关重要，凯尔特艺术在黄金作品中得到了重要的表达。它也标志着造币的起点，有了新的交易系统和获得原材料的新途径。除了硬币用途的出现，黄金开采还为黄金研究带来了一个创新点。我们打算通过调查墓地和囤积物中的物品来研究社会动态，并结合LT时期的手工艺专业化。我们的地理重点将主要涉及德国、法国、比利时和瑞士。黄金作品适合展示传统和创新，也适合展示外国影响和交流。它展示了人、物和思想的流动性。该项目的优势在于在考古学、考古学、技术和实验考古学方面的国际和跨学科合作。它还基于现代实验室设备，可以进行高精度的观测和材料分析。我们将首次考虑LT黄金作品的方方面面：原材料、黄金制品的转化、风格构思、用途和分布、最终沉积，最后是考古发现和解释。我们还将考虑硬币，主要是那些与精细金属加工有关的硬币，因为它们提供了有关成分、可能的出处以及社会和经济价值的信息。这些意见将被纳入更广泛的背景下，以揭示与LT时期的社会经济和意识形态组织有关的物品的风格传统和技术方面的变化。交付成果将是一个数据库、一次国际会议的背景和成果的出版物。该数据库将首次汇集LT黄金的风格、考古、技术和分析数据。该数据库旨在构成一个全球语料库，并将成为今后研究的基本工具。

Compared to the Hallstatt period, a series of important changes take place during the Latène period on the continent: the sources of gold supply diversify as the stock of recyclable gold is becoming dominant, while during the Early Iron Age native alluvial gold was mainly in use. Gold is used for coinage and coins represent the main gold circulation. New aesthetic codes and design inspired by Mediterranean patterns are arising: contributing to the emergence of what is called Early Celtic Art. the contexts of deposition of gold shift from burials to hoards which are related to new ways of expressing prestige and wealth. The study of the production and consumption of gold objects appears to be a key feature for the understanding of the economic, social, artistic and technological development of the Latène Culture. This culture is indeed characterized by new social and economic dynamics leading to foreign contacts. This new context is visible through style and technology of fine metal work. This period is crucial for the development of the Celtic Art, which finds an important expression in gold work. It also marks the starting point of coinage, with new exchange systems and new access to the raw material. Aside of the emergence of coin use, gold mining brings an innovative point into gold studies. We intend to study the social dynamics, combined with craft specialization during the LT period by investigating objects from burial sites and hoards. Our geographical focus will mainly concern Germany, France, Belgium and Switzerland. Gold work is suitable to reveal traditions and innovations as well as foreign influences and exchange. It shows the mobility of people, objects and ideas. The strength of the project is in the international and interdisciplinary collaboration in archaeology, archaeometry, technology and experimental archaeology. It is also based on modern laboratory equipment allowing high precision observations and material analyses. We will consider all aspects of LT gold work for the first time: raw material, transformation of gold into artefacts, the stylistic conception, the utilization and distribution, the final deposition and lastly the archaeological discovery and interpretation. We shall also take into account coins, essentially those found associated with fine metal work, for their information about composition, probable provenance and their social and economic value. These observations will be integrated into a wider context in order to light changes in stylistic traditions and technologies of objects in relation to the socio-economic and ideological organization of the LT period. The deliverables will be a database, the setting of an international conference and the publications of the results. The database will bring together the stylistic, archaeological, technological and analytical data of LT gold for the first time. This database is intended to constitute a global corpus and will be a fundamental tool for future research.