Material studies in Belmonte Piceno (FM). The rediscovery of a Picenian central place in the western Adriatic and its relations with the Etruscans, Greeks and the Hallstatt culture

贝尔蒙特·皮克诺的铁器时代墓地被认为是皮切尼文化的缩影。它几乎是传奇的地位要归功于20世纪初发现的丰富的墓葬，包括所谓的ʻAmazon Tombsʼ、战车坟墓和带有非凡墓品的墓葬。其中的记录和手工艺品在第二次世界大战期间失去了踪迹，但最近在安科纳再次出现。该项目的第一阶段成功地实现了对现有文物的记录，以及对Innocenzo Dall‘Osso 1909至1911年运动的复杂清单和挖掘记录的转录和对齐。在我们之前，所有其他重新确定这些文物和发现的背景的尝试都没有成功，因为有多个库存编号。通过项目数据库‘Arindos’的应用，我们克服了这个问题。因此，有可能在较早的编号和后来的编号之间实现一致，这为对这组发现进行第一次真正的学术评估开辟了道路。除了这些成就外，由于对科尔特河进行了系统的地球物理和空中无人机勘探，加上土地登记局的档案研究，我们能够查明前罗马定居点向南延伸的情况。在贝尔蒙特·皮切诺镇的帮助下，2018年有可能建立了一些探索性战壕，产生了相当惊人的发现。其中包括两个富有的古代墓葬和一个保存得很好的小象牙盒子，上面镶嵌着琥珀雕像，盖子上装饰着四个琥珀面人面像像。仅有的其他类似的狮身人面像是在巴登-符腾堡州霍赫纳斯佩尔附近的Grafenbühl墓葬中发现的。该项目的主要目标是继续对科勒墓地进行系统研究，并以此完成项目第一阶段的工作。对于正确理解贝尔蒙特·皮克诺在古代时期的非凡作用，有两个密切相关的方面特别重要：1.对达尔奥索1909-1911年和马可尼1930-1931年旧遗址出土的文物进行材料研究；2.研究贝尔蒙特·皮克诺在铁器时代的文化和政治重要性及其与伊特鲁里亚人、希腊人和哈尔斯塔特文化的关系。

The Iron Age cemetery at Belmonte Piceno is deemed to epitomise the Picenian culture. It owes its almost legendary status to the discovery of rich burials at the beginning of the 20th century consisting of so called ʻAmazon tombsʼ, chariot graves and burials with extraordinary grave goods. The records and artefacts of which were lost track of during the Second World War but as of late turned up again in Ancona. The first phase of the project was successful in realizing the documentation of the existing artefacts as well as the transcription and alignment of the complex inventory and excavation records of Innocenzo Dall'Osso's 1909 to 1911 campaigns. All other attempts before ours at recontextualising these artefacts and finds have been unsuccessful due to multiple inventory numbering. This problem we overcame with the application of the project database 'Arindos'. It thus was possible to achieve concordance between the older and later numbering which then opened the way to the first real academic evaluation of this group of finds. In addition to these achievements and as the result of a systematic geophysical and aerial drone prospection of the Colle Ete together with archival research in the bureau for land registry we were able to identify the southerly extension of the pre-roman settlement. With the help of the town of Belmonte Piceno it was possible in 2018 to set some exploratory trenches which produced quite phenomenal finds. These included among others two wealthy archaic burials and a small very well conserved ivory case with amber figural inlay, the lid of which being adorned of four amber face sphinxes. The only other comparable sphinxes are to be found in the Grafenbühl burial near Hohenasperg in Baden-Württemberg. The main objective of the project is to continue systematic research into the Colle Ete necropolis and by this to complete the work of the first phase of the project. Two closely interconnected aspects will be of particular importance with regard to a proper understanding of Belmonte Piceno’s extraordinary role in the archaic period: 1. material studies of artefacts from the older excavations of Dall’Osso 1909-1911 and Marconi 1930-1931; 2. studies on the cultural and political importance of Belmonte Piceno in the Iron Age and its relations with the Etruscans, Greeks and the Hallstatt culture.