Arretine Sigillata and Changes in the Pictorial Habit between the Late Republic and Early Empire

这个项目的主要关注点是图片习惯，即有针对性地使用不同叙事密度的图片。图画习惯包括从简单的装饰到更具语义的人物场景，再到复杂的图画叙事的全方位。意象的使用渗透到生活的所有领域，不迟于几何时期开始，并在整个古代持续不间断。然而，图片的相对频率随着时间、地区和背景的不同而不同。有一些时期以丰富的图画意象为特征，也有一些时期这些意象基本上消失了。这项调查的目的是强调从共和国晚期到帝国早期的过渡，这是一个理想的历史阶段，可以提出关于图片的出现、巩固和消失的问题。更深入的分析表明，在许多地区，共和国晚期是一个几乎没有图像的时代，在公元前1世纪下半叶，各种媒体的图像几乎呈爆炸性增长，取而代之的是共和国。新建立的图片特别与罗马的欢庆制度联系在一起。虽然这一时期的历史、社会政治和文化发展总是受到相当大的关注，但对图像的参与及其分布从未进行过明确或全面的审查。为了公平对待大量的材料，拟议的研究将以两种方式有条不紊地处理这个问题。第一部分是国内意象，特别是与喜庆有关的意象。通过案例研究，这一部分将追溯从共和国晚期到帝国早期的绘画意象的发展，并讨论生产和消费、相对频率、媒体的差异以及它们的使用和展示的背景等问题。第二部分将集中于Arretine sigillata的制作，这类材料从未从详细的绘画角度系统地研究过。第二部分不仅将作为对这些材料的第一次彻底调查，还将产生新的问题和答案，为讨论期间的绘画习惯提供一个新的视角。第一部分是关于意象的总体发展，第二部分是专门针对意象的详细研究。

The broad focus of this project is the pictorial habit, meaning the targeted use of pictures of different narrative density. The pictorial habit includes the full spectrum from simple ornament, to more semantically charged figural scenes, to complex pictorial narrative. The use of imagery permeated all realms of life, beginning no later than the Geometric period, and continuing uninterrupted throughout antiquity. Nevertheless, the relative frequency of pictures varied over time, across regions, and according to context. There are periods characterized by a wealth of pictorial imagery, as well as epochs during which these largely vanish. The aim of this investigation is to highlight the transition from the late Republic to the early Empire, a historical phase which is ideal for asking questions regarding the emergence, consolidation and disappearance of pictures. A more thorough analysis shows that the late Republic is in many areas an almost imageless time, which will be replaced in the second half of the 1st century BC by a nearly explosive increase in imagery of various media. The newly established pictures are particularly connected with the Roman institution of the convivium. While the historical, socio-political, and cultural developments of this time were always given considerable attention, the engagement with images and their distribution has never been explicitly or comprehensively examined. In order to do justice to the extensive volume of material, the proposed study will approach the issue methodically in two ways. The first part is dedicated to domestic imagery, which relates especially to the convivium. Using case studies, this section will trace the development of pictorial imagery from the late Republic to the early Empire and address questions of production and consumption, relative frequency, differences in media, and the contexts of their use and display. The second part will focus on the production of arretine sigillata, a class of material never systematically studied from a detailed pictorial perspective. Part two will serve not only as the first thorough investigation of this material, but will also generate new questions and answers, offering a fresh perspective on the pictorial habit in the period under discussion. Whereas part one deals with the development of imagery in general, part two is devoted specifically to detailed image-studies.