The physician and slaver Dr. Daniel Botefeur. The transition to the illegal slave trade in the Atlantic and in the Americas and the trafficking in West Africa. Microhistories of Knowledge

该项目涉及跨大西洋到美洲的洲际奴隶贸易的传记和微观历史层面，当时全球正从大西洋自由贸易过渡到隐藏的大西洋上的非法贩运(Zeuske，2009年)。在美国和英国，大西洋奴隶贸易于1808年被禁止，西班牙于1820年被禁止，葡萄牙于1836年被禁止，法国和巴西于1831年被禁止(巴西最终于1851年被禁止)。然而，直到1880年，尽管废除了非法走私，非法走私人口仍有2-400万人。在此期间，出现了一个新的大西洋商人集团，它们在西非和大西洋奴隶贸易/贩运产生了利润和资本，并以亚特兰蒂化的形式停泊在美国的奴隶制和种植园地区(现金和人体资本，特别是在与美国有联系的伊比利亚领土上，如古巴、波多黎各和巴西)。亚特兰蒂斯化意味着资本、人员、知识、商品(商品)可以主要通过大西洋的空间和网络进入美洲，由此这个空间赢得了自己的文化品质。新的大西洋精英们从大约1830-40年创造了第二奴隶制社会的历史(特别是古巴和巴西；不是直接在美国，这还有待研究)。同时，正如前面提到的，从大约1808/1815年开始，19世纪的这段时期是废止时期(首先是1794/1808至1840年的奴隶贸易，然后是斯克拉韦林(1794/1838至1888年)，真正的废奴(不仅是法律话语)在所有英国人之前都是一项文明项目。作为一个工作假设，该项目假设这群新的大西洋商人主要是伊比利亚人，但也有一些美国人和其他血统的人(如来自汉诺威的丹尼尔·博特费尔)和大量的辅助工作人员(大西洋克里奥尔人、水手，特别是卢索-非洲经纪人(tangomãos，grumum))。以医生和奴隶贩子Daniel Botefeur(1770年汉诺威-1821年查尔斯顿左右)的生活史为形式的微观历史层面，作为关于大西洋企业家群体的规范性例外或例外，应该展示如何首先在西非，然后在大西洋彼岸和殖民列强的港口城市产生利润，以及社会如何以上述地图化的形式在非洲，特别是在美洲的奴隶制地区发生变化和现代化。在双重微观层面(Daniel Botefeur和他的奴隶Robin Botefeur)，形式(医学)和经验知识在Daniel Botefeur崛起中的作用仍有待分析；特别是关于身体的知识，以及关于被奴役者的生活以及在非洲的联系的知识。

The project comes to biographical and microhistorical dimensions of intercontinental slave trade from Africa across the Atlantic to the Americas at a time of global transition from Atlantic free trade with enslaved to illegal trafficking on the hidden Atlantic (Zeuske 2009). In the US and in the UK Atlantic slave trade was banned in 1808, in the Spanish Empire in 1820, in the Portuguese Empire in 1836, in France and Brazil in 1831 (in Brazil finally 1851). However, there was up to 1880, despite abolition, illegal smuggling of 2-4 Millions of people. During this time, a new group of Atlantic merchants arose, which generated in West Africa and the Atlantic slave trade / trafficking profits and capital and moored this in the form of Atlanticization in Slavery and plantation areas of America (both in cash as well as in capital of human body, especially in the Iberian territories, such as Cuba, Puerto Rico and Brazil, with links to the US). Atlanticization means that capital, people, knowledge, goods (commodities) could mainly come to the Americas through the space and the networks of the Atlantic, whereby this space won its own, also cultural quality. The new Atlantic elites coined from about 1830-40 the history of societies of Second Slavery (especially Cuba and Brazil; not so directly in the United States, which remains to research). At the same time, this period of the 19th century was, since about 1808/1815, as mentioned, a time of abolitions (first slave trade in 1794 / 1808 until 1840 and then Sklavereien (1794 / 1838 until 1888), the real abolition (not only legal discourses) was operated as a civilizing project before all by the United Kingdom.As a working hypothesis, the project assumes that to this group of new Atlantic merchants belonged mainly Iberian men, but also a number of Americans and men of other origins (as Daniel Botefeurfrom Hanover) and large groups of support staff (Atlantic Creoles, sailors and especially Luso-African brokers (tangomãos, grumetes)). The micro-historical dimension in the form of the life history of the physician and slaver Daniel Botefeur (around 1770 Hannover -1821 Charleston) as normative exception or exception that proves the rule with respect to the group of Atlantic entrepreneurs should show how first in West Africa, and then across the Atlantic and in the port cities of the colonial powers profits were generated and how societies were changed and modernized in the form of the mentioned atlanticization both in Africa, but especially in the regions of slavery in America. In a double micro dimension (Daniel Botefeur and his slave Robin Botefeur) the role of formal (medical) and empirical knowledge in the rise of Daniel Botefeur remains to be analyzed; in particular the knowledge of body, but also knowledge about the lives of the enslaved as well as the contacts in Africa.