The evolution of House Architecture in the Portuguese Estremadura from Copper- to Iron Age. The evolution of Architecture, Function and Social Significance

伊比利亚半岛胆石聚居地的调查(第三个百万。自1887年，当兄弟Siret第一次出版了这样一个地点的地图以来，一直集中在防御墙、小发现和年代学上，而关于内陆民居的问题仍然在很大程度上保持着研究的愿望。一个例外是1969年未发表的卡尔布博士的论文，作者在论文中讨论了古代米特里亚式回旋体对伊比利亚半岛的影响问题。由于同时增加了来源，在应用项目中，打算在详细案例研究的框架内再次讨论这一问题。葡萄牙中西部的埃斯特雷马杜拉非常适合进行这样的调查。德国考古研究所对赞布哈尔遗址进行了52年的研究，这是保存最完好的查尔科尔石器聚落之一。此外，还有其他重要的这样的网站，如Vila Nova de S.Pedro，Penedo do Lexim and Leceia。此外，该地区以几个青铜和铁器时代的房屋为例，提供了研究铜器时代之后房屋建造的进一步发展的机会。在应用项目中，应研究如何根据保存下来的遗迹重建房屋，例如通过对烧焦的抹灰碎片中保存的有机建筑材料进行考古生物学分析。此外，还有一个问题，即同时存在的房屋之间是否存在明显的功能差异，例如在经济方面。此外，还将考虑定居点中房屋的位置和大小，以及某些类型的房屋和某些类型的定居点之间是否存在关联的问题。有没有可能通过这些分析来证明社会差异？这一结果可能对解决伊比利亚半岛铜器时代复杂社会的形成问题做出重要贡献。除此之外，重要的是描述可能揭示用于代表或储存目的的建筑物的特征，这些特征可能指示国家的功能，因为一些研究确实相信早期国家形式的形成是在三百万年。公元前一年，位于伊比利亚半岛。另一个重要的问题是，为什么铜和青铜时代的圆形房屋在铁器时代被长方形房屋所取代。似乎这种变化可能是腓尼基影响的结果，但仍然存在一个问题，为什么当地居民采用长方形建筑。对于某些类型的组织来说，长方形建筑或许是必要的，是否有可能从前几个时代的结果中得出结论？

The investigation of the chalcolithic settlements of the Iberian Peninsula (3rd mil. BC) since 1887, when the brothers Siret for the first time published a map of such a site, has concentrated on the fortification walls, small finds and chronology, whereas the question concerning the dwelling houses in the interior still maintain largely a desideratum of research. An exception is the unpublished dissertation of Ph. Kalb from 1969, where the author dealt with the question of the influence of the ancient mediterranian roundhouses on the Iberian Peninsula. As in the meanwhile increased the sources, in the applied project it is intended to take up again this question within the frame work of a detailed case study. The Estremadura in Western Central Portugal is ideally suited to such an inestigation. There is with the site of Zambujal, studied by the German Archaeological Institute for 52 years, one of the best preserved chalcolithic settlements. Further more there are also other important such sites like Vila Nova de S. Pedro, Penedo do Lexim und Leceia. In addition that region offers with several examples of Bronze- and Iron Age houses the opportunity to study the further development of the building of houses after the Copper Age. In the applied project it shall be investigated how to reconstruct the houses according to the preserved remains, for example through archaeobontanical analysis of the organic building material preserved in the fragments of burnt daub. Besides there is the question, if there are obeservable functional differences among simultaneously existing houses, for example with regard to economic aspects. Also the location and size of the houses in a settlement will be considered as well as the question , if there is a correlation between certain types of houses and certain types of settlements. Might it be possible to prove social differentiations by these analysis? The results could make an important contribution to the solution of the lately much discussed problem of the formation of complex societies in the Copper Age of the Iberian Peninsula. Beyond that it will be important to discribe characters which may reveal buildings for representative or storage purposes, which could indicate state functions, because several researches do believe in the formation of early forms of states in the 3rd Mil. BC on the Iberian Peninsula. Another important question is why the round houses of the Copper- and Bronze Ages had been replaced by rectangular houses in the Iron Age. It seems that this change could be a consequence of Phoenician influences, but there remains the question why the local population adopted the rectangular building. Does perhaps exist a necessity of rectangular buildings for certain types of organisation, and would it be possible to draw conclusions from such a result on the previous epochs?