Experimental Demonstrations of New Theorems of Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics

在过去的十年里，人们提出了两个定理，使热力学领域发生了革命性的变化。这些定理解除了热力学极限的限制，允许热力学概念应用于小型系统，如纳米机器，并表征可能远离平衡的系统。这些定理与19世纪热力学的传统理解不一致，热力学以平衡为中心，第二定律不可违背。然而，它们对于将热力学概念应用于21世纪的现代系统至关重要。使用光学镊子，我们将实验证明这些定理，提出其有效性的无可辩驳的证据，并展示其在现代系统中的应用。

In the last decade, two theorems have been proposed to revolutionise the field of thermodynamics. These theorems lift the restriction of the thermodynamic limit, allowing thermodynamic concepts to be applied to small systems such as nanomachines, and characterise systems that may be far-from-equilibrium. These theorems are at odds with a traditional understanding of 19th century thermodynamics where equilibrium is central and the Second Law inviolate. However they are critical to the application of thermodynamic concepts to modern systems of the 21st century. Using Optical Tweezers, we will experimentally demonstrate these theorems, present irrefutable evidence of their validity, and demonstrate their application in modern systems.