Scottish Standard English - phonological and morphosyntactic features and their variation

苏格兰的语言情况很复杂，包括苏格兰盖尔语，一种主要在赫布里底群岛使用的语言，约占苏格兰人口的1.1%，以及两种英语语言：苏格兰语和苏格兰标准英语（SSE）。苏格兰标准英语的语法通常被认为与英国其他地区的标准英语有很大的相似之处，其定义特征通常在语音学和音韵学领域进行描述。对SSE句法和词法的描述通常将其特征描述为从苏格兰语中借用，就像不同地区和社会扬声器群体之间SSE使用的差异通常由不同程度的“对苏格兰人的让步”来解释一样。这种倾向，以解释所有之间的差异SSE语法和其他英语标准变种借用苏格兰语到目前为止，有效地排除了语法特征的描述，“属于”和SSE，并显示区域和语域的变化在品种。该项目的目的是描述苏格兰标准英语的语法和语音特征以及它们在不同语域之间的（共）变异范围。为此，两个申请人目前正在编制的100万字语料库（ICE苏格兰;包括各种登记册）将首先通过自动创建和手动检查音素注释（使用WebMAUS工具）以及自动创建和手动检查词性标注（使用TreeTagger）进行增强。随后，我们将对SSE的完整注释语料库进行分析，从Schneider列出的179个语音-音系特征中找出SSE中描述的音段特征（2004年：1131-1137），旨在允许大规模的比较世界-广泛的英语种类以及eWAVE中用于比较世界的235个特征中的53个形态句法特征，各种各样的英语被证明出现在SSE。对于所有特征，将分析区域分布、两种性别的使用情况以及不同语域/文本类型的差异。因此，第一次，语音和形态句法特征的SSE及其变化将全面描述和经验数据的基础上。这将允许SSE与其他世界范围内的英语变体进行比较。

The linguistic situation in Scotland is complex including Scottish Gaelic, a language spoken primarily in the Hebrides by about 1.1 % of the Scottish population, and two English-based languages: Scots and Scottish Standard English (SSE). The grammar of Scottish Standard English is often assumed to be largely shared with the standard variety of English spoken in the rest of Britain and its defining features are usually described in the area of phonetics and phonology. Descriptions of SSE syntax and morphology typically refer to its characteristic features as borrowings from Scots, just as differences in SSE usage across regional and social speaker groups are typically explained by differing degrees of "concessions to Scots". This propensity to explain all differences between SSE grammar and that of other English standard varieties with borrowing from Scots has so far effectively precluded the description of the grammatical features that 'belong' to and characterise SSE and that show regional and register variation within the variety. It is the aim of the project to describe the grammatical and phonological characteristics of Scottish Standard English as well as their range of (co-)variability across registers. To this end, the one-million-word corpus (ICE Scotland; including various registers) that is currently being compiled by the two applicants, will first be enhanced with automatically created and manually checked phonemic annotations (using the tool WebMAUS) and automatically created and manually checked POS tagging (using the TreeTagger). Subsequently, the fully annotated corpus of SSE will be analysed for the segmental features described to occur in SSE out of the 179 phonetic-phonological features listed by Schneider (2004: 1131-1137) that were devised to allow a large-scale comparison of world-wide varieties of English as well as the 53 morphosyntactic features out of the 235 features used in eWAVE for the comparison of world-wide varieties of English that were attested to occur in SSE. For all features, the regional distribution, usage by the two genders and the variation across registers/text types will be analysed. Thus, for the first time, the phonological and morphosyntactic features of SSE and their variation will be described comprehensively and based on empirical data. This will allow the comparison of SSE with the other world-wide varieties of English.