Cross-linguistic influence in the acquisition of phonology and phonetics by multilingual children and adults

由于在外国交流项目中的机会增加以及与工作相关的流动性增加，大规模在学校引入两门外语的教育政策正在成为欧洲公民使用多种语言的常态。尽管对多语种说话者所掌握的不同语言之间的相互影响的研究已经成为语言习得研究的主要目标之一，但对跨语言影响现象的认识还远远不够。尤其是对影响CLI频率、方向和形式的因素的探索还处于起步阶段。该项目调查了20名讲多种语言的儿童和成年人在德语、英语、法语/拉丁语和波兰语组合中的语音和语音跨语言影响。这项研究采用了为期10个月的纵向设计，共有四个数据采集点，每个参与者都将在这些点上测试语言产出和感知能力。此外，还将对两名成年参与者进行为期14周的密集数据收集。特别是语音和语音CLI之间的复杂关系，以及它的制约因素，如年龄/年龄习得、第二语言(L2)和第三语言(L3)的熟练程度、语言距离/感知语言距离、元语言意识、使用新近和L2状态。此外，还将调查因素之间的动态关系，并建立触发语音CLI的因素的层次结构。因此，该项目将在动态系统理论的框架内进行第一次大规模纵向研究，以获得关于波兰语作为第三语言习得的真实发展数据，这对于理解典型课堂环境下语言学习过程中的习得过程和建立理论模型至关重要。

Multilingualism is becoming the norm for European citizens due to the educational policies that introduce two foreign languages at school on a mass scale, due to increasing opportunities in foreign exchange programme as well as a growing job-related mobility. Although the investigation of the mutual influence of the different languages that a multilingual speaker knows has been one of the main research objectives in language acquisition studies, the phenomenon of cross-linguistic influence (CLI) is still far from being well understood. Especially the exploration of the factors influencing the frequency, direction and form of CLI is still in its infancy. This project investigates phonological and phonetic cross-linguistic influence in 20 multilingual speakers, both children and adults, with the language combination of German, English, French/Latin and Polish. The study uses a 10-month longitudinal design with four data collection points at which language production and perception will be tested for each participant. This will be augmented by a 14-week period of dense data collection for two adult participants. In particular, the intricate relationship between phonological and phonetic CLI in multilinguals and its conditioning factors such as age/age of acquisition, proficiency in second language (L2) and third language (L3), language distance/perceived language distance, metalinguistic awareness, recency of use and L2 status will be examined. Also, the dynamic relationship between the factors themselves will be investigated and a hierarchy of factors triggering phonological CLI will be established. This project will thus carry out, in the framework of Dynamic Systems Theory, the first large-scale longitudinal study to obtain authentic developmental data on the acquisition of Polish as an L3, which is crucial for the understanding and theoretical modelling of the acquisition processes during language learning in a typical classroom environment.