The EUREKA Project. The Oscillation of the Politics of European Research and Technology between Cooperation and Competition (c1980-1992)

“繁荣之后”(Doering-Manteuffel/Raphael)，在1979年至1980年代中期的经济危机期间，欧洲共同体成员中长期存在一种不祥的预感。他们对危机的感知部分源于一种强烈的感觉，即他们在技术上落后于传统的美美主导地位和来自日本的动态挑战。在关于全球竞争加剧的讨论中，对技术因素给予了关键的重视。1983年宣布的《美国战略防御倡议》(SDI)强调了采取行动的必要性。从本质上讲，这更多的是对研究的政治支持，而不是军事政治工具。随后，建立了密切合作的跨国结构，在1984年通过了一项总体支助方案后，欧洲的研究促进获得了一个在合作与竞争的两极之间处于紧张状态下的体制框架，在此背景下，尤里卡方案是该项目这一部分的主题。通过新获得的解密来源，对它的研究在这里被置于一个新的基础上。它的诞生，它的运作方式和它所产生的影响，都是通过对参与其中的参与者的探索来调查的，他们在几个不同层面的活动在讲述中交织在一起。在讨论了国际范围内的政治行为者之后，对参与实际应用的人员进行了调查：研究所、商业企业，以及在可能的情况下竞争申请资金并在方案范围内开展新研究的科学家个人。该分项目调查某些合作和竞争结构是如何牢固确立的，以及这些结构如何成为尤里卡项目中各种行为者的指导模式。通过这项调查，这项研究对欧洲政府间合作的历史和导致当今欧洲研究政治的发展做出了重大贡献。具体的研究领域可以在生命科学、激光技术和自主汽车的初步研究中找到。通过这种方式，欧洲技术合作现象及其分支--实用技术的生产--被分析，并放在当时竞争性政治和经济权力关系的历史背景下。

'After the Boom' (Doering-Manteuffel/Raphael) and during the Economic Crisis that lasted from 1979 to the mid-1980s a prolonged sense of foreboding prevailed amongst the members of the European Community. Part of their perception of crisis arose from an acute feeling that they were falling technologically behind the traditional US-American predominance and the dynamic challenge coming from Japan. Key importance was given to the technological factor in discussions of intensified global competition. The American Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) announced in 1983 underlined the need for action. At heart, this was far more a political backing for research than it was a military-political instrument. In its wake, intendedly cooperative transnational structures were created and, after an overarching supporting programme was adopted in 1984, European research promotions obtained an institutional framework held in a tension between the opposite poles of cooperation and competition.With this as the background, the EUREKA Programme is the subject of this part of the project. Through newly accessible, declassified sources, research into it is here put onto a new basis. Its birth, its way of functioning and the effects it had are all investigated through exploration of the actors involved, their activities at several different levels woven together in the telling. Following discussion of the political actors in an international context, an enquiry is made into those involved in practical application: research institutes, commercial enterprises, and wherever possible individual scientists who competed in applications for funding and carried out new research within the remit of the Programme. The subproject investigates how certain cooperative and competitive structures became firmly established, and how these became the guiding models for the various actors in the EUREKA projects. With this investigation, the study makes a substantial contribution to the history of intergovernmental cooperation in Europe and also to the developments that have resulted in present-day European research politics. Concrete fields of enquiry are to be found in the Life Sciences, laser technology and the initial research on the self-propelled car. In this way, the phenomenon of European technological cooperation and its offshoot, the production of practical know-how, are analysed and put into historical context within the competitive political and economic power relations of the time.