FOR 2757: Local Self-governance in the Context of Weak Statehood in Antiquity and the Modern Era

国家地位的核心位于地方一级：在村庄、社区和城区。这是一个超越家庭层面的社区首先制定旨在确保其继续存在的集体规则的地方。但通常情况下，这并不是唯一起作用的治理级别。在它的上方，存在着超地方性的权力形态，范围从区域网络到帝国，它们要么补充地方秩序，要么与之竞争。申请者的前提是，地方自治形式特别不同和突出，在任何地方，超地方国家以弱渗透的模式存在。我们办法的中心问题是地方形式的自治如何在这方面发挥作用。我们将审查与国家一级的关系以及随着时间的推移与其他地方团体的关系；自治形式的范围和空间偶然性；它们的合法化以及与实施这些形式的团体的组织和集体身份的相互依存关系；最后，我们将把注意力转向自治对弱国家结构的重要性。实证的重点将放在地方层面，到目前为止，在国家以外的治理研究中，地方层面在很大程度上被忽视了。为了实现这一点，我们将利用案例研究，这些案例研究按类别排列，位于现代欧洲以外的地理区域和时间段，自中世纪晚期以来欧洲国家的特殊发展：古代和现在的全球南部。通过纳入这些不同的时间框架，我们希望为克服现代和前现代时代之间的二分法做出贡献，后者往往被赋予规范地位。我们的目标是对不同的秩序结构进行比较分析，并发展地方治理模式的类型学。经验比较的结构本身保证了方法论上的洞察力，因为它将需要承认、处理和克服学科限制。从识别典型的模式和过程入手，我们希望能更好地把握局部秩序配置成功的机制，同时推进理论辩论。这将使我们能够为理解国家地位和地方治理的基本要素作出跨学科的贡献，这些要素具有核心重要性，特别是在国家地位薄弱的情况下。我们希望通过采用这一历史视角获得的见解将有助于理解一个并非完全基于其本身的、显然是全新的前提条件的当前，从而将大大加强对各种治理形式的政治分析。

The nucleus of statehood is situated at the local level: in the village, the neighborhood, the city district. This is where a community, beyond the level of the family, first develops collective rules that are intended to ensure its continued existence. But usually this is not the only level of governance at play. Above it, there are supralocal formations of power, varying in scope from regional networks to empires, which supplement the local orders or compete with them. The premise of the applicants is that local forms of self-governance are especially heterogeneous and prominent, wherever supralocal statehood exists in the mode of weak permeation. The central question of our approach is how local forms of self-governance work in this context. We will examine the relations to the state level as well as to other local groups as they develop over time; the scope and spatial contingency of forms of self-governance; their legitimization and the interdependency with the organization and collective identity of those groups which carry them out; finally, we will turn our attention to the significance of self-governance for the configuration of weak statehood. The empirical focus will be at the local level, which has so far been largely neglected in the research on governance beyond the state. In order to achieve this, we will work with case studies that are structured by categories and situated in geographical areas and time periods that lie outside of modern Europe with its particular development of statehood since the Late Middle Ages: in Antiquity and in the Global South of the present. By incorporating these different time frames, we hope to contribute to overcoming the dichotomy between the modern and pre-modern era, which is often given canonical status. Our goal is a comparative analysis of different configurations of order as well as the development of a typology of patterns of local governance. The structure of the empirical comparison itself promises methodological insights, since it will entail recognizing, dealing with, and overcoming disciplinary limitations. Starting with the identification of typical patterns and processes, we hope to get a better grasp of the mechanisms by which local configurations of order succeed, while at the same time advancing the theoretical debate. This will allow us to make an interdisciplinary contribution to the understanding of fundamental elements of statehood and local governance that are of central importance, especially in the context of weak statehood. The insights we hope to gain by adopting this historical perspective will contribute to understanding a present that is not based exclusively on its own, apparently completely new preconditions, and will thus significantly sharpen the political analysis of various forms of governance.