Why does the Constitution guarantee Rights?--the way to justify commercial speech--

正当意义上的宪法权利是为权利所有者的利益而保障的，而不是为其他可能从权利所有者行使权利中获利的人而保障的。后一种宪法权利概念是工具性的，因此它不符合“人权”的性质。但是宪法也可以列举，或者可以被解释为列举工具性权利。本研究的目的在于指出美国的商业言语理论依赖于这一工具概念。美国的言论自由理论倾向于关注接受者的权利，将言论自由的保障解释为一种“制度保障”，而不是一种个人权利。

Constitutional rights in proper sense are guaranteed for the benefit of rights-holders, not for the others who might get profits from the formers' exercise of the rights. The latter concept of constitutional rights is instrumental, and so it is not consistent with the nature of "human rights". But the Constitution can enumerate, or may be interpreted as enumerating, instrumental rights as well. This research has for its purpose to point out that the American theory of commercial speech relies on this instrumental concept. American free speech theory tends to focus on the receiver's right, by means of which it interprets free speech guarantee as an "institutional guarantee" rather than as an individual right.