Cultural and racial anthropology in stone.Photographic recording of ancient Egyptian representations of humans and the ethnohistorical cartography of the ancient world in the 19th and early 20th centuries

计划中的研究将调查19世纪末和20世纪初的古代研究和生命科学学术中古代人类代表的照片的生产，流通和解释历史，并将调查照片的认知功能。假设东地中海地区和中东地区人民的外貌可以直接从古埃及的纪念碑中得出，考古学家和人类学家制作了民族和种族历史的地图，将古代人类的表现与现代人口联系起来。研究将集中在这种背景下的照片的自明性，或者更确切地说，利用照片创造自明性。相隔约25年的两次考古摄影考察为分析提供了出发点和支点：1886/87年英国考古学家弗林德斯·皮特里（Flinders Petrie）的“埃及古迹中的种族照片”研究航行，以及1912/13年德国古代历史学家爱德华·迈耶（Eduard Meyer）组织的“探险nach Ägypten zur Erforschung der Darstellungen der Fremdvölker”。鉴于早期的古代人类画像的复制和照片并不是专门为了识别人类或人类学解释而制作的，这两次探险确实是为了这些目的而开始的。对这两次探险的详细描述，将它们与技术和方法的进步以及使它们成为可能的意识形态信仰联系起来，将使个人照片的生产和使用的背景能够追溯到照片拍摄的时间，直到它们在19世纪末和20世纪初的出版物中流通。为了理解这些探险背后的认识论假设，研究将把这些声称自明的图像放在更广泛的知识历史背景下，重建相关对象的人类学阅读历史。在这种情况下，作为解释基础的视觉实证主义将需要特别注意，古代人类表征的类型学功能也是如此。也有必要考虑对种族人类学阅读的新出现的怀疑：毕竟，在20世纪初的某些背景下，古代人类描绘的图像不再能够发展出无条件的自明性。

The planned research will investigate the production, circulation and interpretation history of photographs of ancient representations of humans in ancient studies and life sciences scholarship of the late 19th and early 20th centuries and will inquire into the epistemic function of the photographs. Assuming that the physical appearance of the peoples of the Eastern Mediterranean region and the Middle East could be directly derived from the monuments of Ancient Egypt, archaeologists and anthropologists produced cartographies of ethnic and racial history, associating the ancient representations of humans with modern populations. The research will focus on the self-evidence of the photographs in this context, or rather, the creation of self-evidence using photographs.Two photographic archaeological expeditions, separated by a period of about 25 years, provide both point of departure and fulcrum for the analysis: the 1886/87 research voyage by the British archaeologist Flinders Petrie "Racial Photographs from the Egyptian Monuments" and the 1912/13 "Expedition nach Ägypten zur Erforschung der Darstellungen der Fremdvölker" organised by Eduard Meyer, the German ancient historian. Whereas earlier copies and photographs of ancient human representations had not been made specifically for the purpose of identifying peoples or anthropological interpretation, these two expeditions did set out to serve just those purposes. A dense description of the two expeditions that relates them to the technological and methodological advances and ideological beliefs that made them possible will enable the contexts of the production and use of individual photographs to be traced from the time the photographs were taken through to their circulation in publications of the late 19th and early 20th century.To permit an understanding of the epistemic assumptions that underlay these expeditions, the research will place the images claims to self-evidence in a broader history-of-knowledge context, reconstructing the history of the anthropological reading of relevant objects. The visual positivism on which the interpretations are based will require particular attention in this context, as will the typological function ascribed to the ancient human representations. It will also be necessary to consider the emerging doubts about the racial anthropological reading: after all, the images of ancient depictions of human beings were no longer able to developing unqualified self-evidence in certain contexts in the early 20th century.