The evolution of cosmopolitanism. Anthropological and political perspectives.

国际法和治理、移徙和贸易将越来越多的人类联系在一起。这种合作交流的扩大既为人类发展创造了机会，也带来了新的挑战。最近，全球合作的世界性项目遭受了几次挫折，表现为民族主义、仇外心理、保护主义和限制性移民政策重新抬头。对世界性计划持怀疑态度的人认为，在通往全球合作的直线轨道上，这些挫折不是小障碍，而是更深层次的弊病的症状：他们认为，世界性计划已经超越了人类和平合作的意愿，这是地方性的，部落性的和狭隘的。行为科学确实支持这样一种观点，即人类进化的社会性是狭隘的，即它倾向于歧视外群体。然而，人类社会性的这一阴暗面真的制约了大都市计划吗？拟议研究的关键部分旨在通过参与行为科学，人类进化和全球合作未来之间的推理关系来揭穿这一怀疑挑战。该项目的第一个关键假设是，尽管存在狭隘的倾向，但它们并不是追求世界性项目的硬约束。然而，它们的存在意味着大规模的合作需要一个解释。对文化进化的研究尤其寻求从小部落群体向大规模社会转变的解释。该项目的建设性部分将侧重于考虑到文化创新的人类社会态度的科学理论的哲学含义。第二个关键假设是，最近关于大规模社会性出现的研究结果可以补充世界主义的政治理论，并提供可行的实施策略，与强调政治情感作用的世界主义的感性版本一致。

International law and governance, migration and trade connect an ever extending part of humanity. This extension of cooperative exchanges creates both opportunities for human development and new challenges. Recently, the cosmopolitan project of global cooperation has suffered several setbacks, in the form of re-emerging nationalism, xenophobia, protectionism and restrictive migration policy. Sceptics of the cosmopolitan project argue that such setbacks are not minor obstacles on an otherwise linear trajectory towards global cooperation, but symptoms of a deeper malaise: they argue that the cosmopolitan project has outstripped human dispositions for peaceful cooperation, which are local, tribal and parochial. The behavioural sciences indeed lend credence to the view that human evolved sociality is parochial, i.e. it tends to discriminate against out-groups. However, does this dark side of human sociality really constrain the cosmopolitan project? The critical part of the proposed research aims to debunk this sceptical challenge by engaging with the inferential relationships between behavioural sciences, human evolution and the future of global cooperation. The first key hypothesis of the project is that, although parochial dispositions exist, they are not a hard constraint on the pursuit of the cosmopolitan project. Their existence, however, implies that large-scale cooperation requires an explanation. Studies of cultural evolution in particular have sought explanations of the transition from small tribal groups to large-scale societies. The constructive part of the project will focus on the philosophical implications of scientific theories of human social attitudes that take into account cultural innovation. The second key hypothesis is that recent findings on the emergence of large-scale sociality can complement political theories of cosmopolitanism with viable strategies for implementation, in line with sentimental versions of cosmopolitanism that emphasise the role of political emotions.