The Water Works' Camps in the Lublin District, 1940-1942. Hubs of the Persecution of Jews in the General Government?

本研究项目探讨了1940年至1942年期间在被占领的波兰，政府（GG）的非工业部署政策作为迫害犹太人的主旋律。调查的核心是对公共资助的建设项目进行实证研究，这些项目代表水管理分支（在营养和农业部内）剥削犹太劳动力来排干农田。使用以前未发现的档案来源，从大约60个营地在卢布林区（共约。整个GG的170个营地），这个项目通过比较党卫军和国防军扩大了我们对使用强迫劳动的了解。它详细描述了卢布林自来水厂集中营中对犹太人的致命虐待，并将这些地区与索比布尔和贝塞雷茨的大规模灭绝营之间的因果关系联系起来。研究结果将发表在专着和（使用数字化工具）供大学和研究使用的交互式地图中。他们想象了犹太强迫劳动者从波兰的犹太人聚居区，以及从西欧和东欧的驱逐列车进入劳动营和灭绝营，对大屠杀的中心意义。从方法论的角度来看，该项目从四个角度分析了难民营中犹太工人的经历：德国政府、犹太人帮助组织、居住在难民营附近的非犹太居民和犹太工人。该项目利用大屠杀研究的最新地理方法，将改良营地视为种族灭绝迫害早期阶段不稳定的生存中心，在那里，工资和食物等生存的主要先决条件几乎不存在。与现有的研究相比，我认为，首先，这种类型的强迫劳动是更具决定性的犹太人被谋杀的过程中，比隔都化。其次，我主张通过实践导向的研究，对两种迫害策略进行鲜明的分析区分。虽然纳粹出于卫生原因建立了隔离区，将犹太人口集中在某些地方，但强制劳动营的安装采取了另一种方式。从1940年开始，犹太人被转移到自来水厂的营地，借口是他们被部署为强迫劳动，但当局忽视了基本的卫生设施。这项对非工业劳动力部署的调查提供了具体的证据，证明纳粹企图系统地恶化犹太人口的社会经济条件，以有意识地减少不得不被安置在成本密集型贫民窟的犹太人数量。我的项目将多个迫害场所联系起来：通过犹太人集中营、过渡营和犹太人区，供水工作营的工人是一种基本但种族灭绝政策的受害者，这种政策最终导致了大屠杀的实施。

This research project explores the non-industrial deployment policy of the General Government (GG) as a leitmotif of the persecution of the Jewish population in occupied Poland between 1940 and 1942. At the core of the investigation is an empirical study on publicly-funded construction projects which ex-ploited Jewish labor to drain farmland on behalf of the branch for water management (within the Department for Nutrition and Agriculture). Using previously undiscovered archival sources from about 60 camps across the Lublin district (with altogether ca. 170 camps across the entire GG), this project expands our knowledge of the use of forced labor through a comparison of the SS and the Wehrmacht. It details the lethal mistreatment of Jews at camps associated with Lublin’s water works, and also makes a critical causal link between these areas and the mass extermination camps at Sobibór and Bełżec. Results will be published both in a monograph and (using digital tools) interactive maps intended for university and research purposes. They visualize the central significance of multiple displacements of Jewish forced laborers from the ghettoes in Poland, as well as from deportation trains from West and East Central Europe into Labor and Extermination Camps, for the Holocaust. From a methodological point of view, the project analyzes the experiences of Jewish workers in the camps from four perspectives: the German Government, Jewish Help Organizations, non-Jewish residents who lived close to the camps, and the Jewish workers. Making use of the most up-to-date geographical approaches to Holocaust Studies, the project recognizes melioration camps as precarious hubs of survival in the early stages of genocidal persecution, where the main preconditions for survival like wages and food barely existed. In contrast to existing research, I argue, firstly, that this type of forced labor was more decisive than ghettoization in regard to the process of murdering Jews. Secondly, I advocate for a stark analytical differentiation be-tween both persecution strategies through practice-oriented research. While the Nazis established ghettoes for sanitary reasons to concentrate Jewish populations in certain places, the installation of forced labor camps took another course. Starting in 1940, Jews were transferred to camps at water works under the pretext of them being deployed as forced labor, but authorities neglected elementary sanitation. This investigation of non-industrial labor deployment provides concrete evidence of Nazi at-tempts to systematically deteriorate the socioeconomic conditions of the Jewish population to consciously reduce the number of Jews that would have to be housed in cost-intensive ghettos. My project connects multiple venues of persecution: through Judenlager, transit camps, and ghettos, the workers at the water work camps were victims of a rudimentary but genocidal policy which ultimately led to the implementation of the Holocaust.