Foreignness and Monarchic Rule in the First World War: A Crisis of Transnational Monarchy, 1914-1927

该项目研究了民族主义时代的外国君主和配偶的现象。在19世纪，民族思想的影响力日益增强，与此同时，欧洲君主政体的跨国性也在增加。由于在新成立的民族国家中建立了由外国君主统治的新君主制，以及欧洲高贵族之间跨国婚姻模式的加剧，19世纪成为君主制异化的高峰时期。该项目系统地分析了外国君主制和跨国婚姻，并详细研究了这些现象如何受到第一次世界大战作为跨国君主制危机和仇外歇斯底里时期的影响。除了对罗马尼亚和比利时的主要案例研究进行比较外，该项目还不对称地涵盖了其他几个国家，从而包括对君主制异域性的感知和讨论的所有方面。跨国和国有化之间的紧张关系是19世纪欧洲君主制的一个特征因素，1914年第一次世界大战的爆发使这种紧张关系进一步成为问题。由于侵略性的战争民族主义挑战了君主制传统的忠诚语言，外国出生的君主和王后被迫私下和公开地重新定义他们与原籍国和他们统治的国家的关系。该项目调查对外国国王和王后的指控和怀疑，研究新的发展战略的合法性，并检查君主外国的利用。该项目通过对围绕外国君主制和君主制家庭网络的国际话语的多角度研究，解释了君主制的异质性对当时政治进程的重要性，并展示了外国君主制概念对战后世界重组的影响。结合两次世界大战之间的时期，该项目还说明，即使在1918年之后，君主制的外国和跨国继续在国家和国际政治中发挥作用。因此，该项目有助于君主政体的比较研究，并为民族主义、帝国主义和民主化的研究提供新的视角。

The project studies the phenomenon of foreign monarchs and consorts in the age of nationalism. While national ideas increasingly gained influence during the nineteenth century, the transnationality of European monarchies increased at the same time. Because of the creation of new monarchies under foreign princes in newly founded nation-states as well as the intensification of transnational marriage patterns among the European high-aristocracy, the nineteenth century became a peak period of monarchic foreignness. The project systematically analyses foreign monarchies and transnational marriages and detailly examines how these phenomena were affected by the First World War as a crisis of transnational monarchy and period of xenophobic hysteria. In addition to the comparison of the main case studies Romania and Belgium, the project asymmetrically covers several other countries and thereby includes all dimensions of perception and discussion of monarchic foreignness. The tension between transnationality and nationalization was a characteristic element of nineteenth-century monarchy in Europe, which was further problematized by the outbreak of the First World War in 1914. As aggressive war nationalism challenged monarchy’s traditional languages of loyalty, foreign-born monarchs and consorts were forced to privately and publicly re-define their relationships to their countries of origin and the nations they ruled. The project investigates accusations and suspicions against foreign kings and queens, researches new developed strategies of legitimation and examines the utilisation of monarchic foreignness. Through a multi-perspective approach to the international discourses around foreign monarchies and monarchical family networks, the project explains the importance of monarchic foreignness for the political processes of the time and shows the influence of the concept of foreign monarchy on the reorganization of the world after the war. Incorporating the interwar period, the project also illustrates that even after 1918 monarchic foreignness and transnationality continued to play a role in national and international politics. Thereby, the project contributes to the comparative study of monarchy and provides new perspectives to the research of nationalism, imperialism and democratization.