Rebalancing the Enlarged Single Market

随着东扩的不同回合，欧盟内部的社会经济异质性显著增加。较富裕的成员国担心低工资劳动力可能破坏它们较高的社会标准，这一担忧得到了广泛实施的劳动力自由流动过渡期的回应。但是，以提供服务的自由为基础的外派工人，却导致了社会倾销的做法。而在没有为劳动力自由流动选择过渡期的英国，对欧盟内部移民的批评是决定退出欧盟的核心原因。因此，欧盟劳动力移民的不平衡已成为欧盟一个非常突出的政治问题。法国总统马克龙为打击“社会倾销”，推动改革《岗位工人指令》，欧盟委员会推动建立“欧盟社会支柱”，都证明了这一点。在这个项目中，我们通过分析不同形式的非典型劳动力迁移：边际雇佣合同、个体自营职业和外派工作，来分析扩大的单一市场中的这种再平衡。该项目以德国、法国和奥地利这三个老成员国以及波兰和斯洛文尼亚这两个新成员国为重点，分析了可以建立什么样的新社会妥协以及它的挑战在哪里。在这样做的过程中，该项目通过强调由欧洲法院（ECJ）在解释欧盟条约时建立的判例法的重要性，将自己与许多欧洲一体化研究区分开来。欧洲法院一直在“通过法律实现一体化”的欧洲一体化进程中发挥着至关重要的作用。然而，随着欧洲议会能力的提高，许多研究忽视了法院的重要性。以欧洲和成员国层面为重点，我们分析了三个政府部门在各级政府内部和各级政府之间的相互作用。对社会再平衡的政治妥协在司法上受到挑战有多容易？成员国在保护社会标准方面有哪些不同的偏好？不同的成员国政府如何通过非典型工作来控制社会倾销？不同的经济行为者如何在社会保护和欧盟经济自由之间定位自己？通过关注欧盟立法旁边的行政和司法反应，该项目分析了欧盟关于非典型就业、个体自营职业和外派工作的规则在哪些方面破坏了成员国现有的社会妥协，以及欧洲或国家规则如何对此提供补偿。不同形式的非典型工作和不同成员国之间的比较有望为扩大后的单一市场的成功再平衡提供重要指导。

Rebalancing the Enlarged Single MarketWith different rounds of Eastern enlargement, the socio-economic heterogeneity within the European Union increased significantly. Related fears in the richer member states that low wage labour could undermine their higher social standards were answered with widely implemented transition periods for the free movement of labour. But posted workers, based on the freedom to provide services, nevertheless led to practices of social dumping. And in the UK, which had not opted for transition periods for the free movement of labour, the criticism of inner-EU migration was central for the decision to leave the EU.Imbalances from EU labour migration have thus become a very salient political issue for the EU. The move of French President Macron to push for a reform of the posted workers directive in order to combat “social dumping” and the European Commission’s push for an “EU social pillar” attest to it. In this project we analyze this Rebalancing in the enlarged single market by analyzing different forms of atypical labour migration: marginal employment contracts, solo self-employment and posted work. Focusing on three old member states, Germany, France and Austria, and two new member states, Poland and Slovenia, the project analyzes which kind of new social compromise can be established and where its challenges lie.In doing so, the project distinguishes itself from much of European integration research by emphasizing the importance of case law, established by the European Court of Justice (ECJ) in interpreting the EU Treaties. The Court has always played a crucial role for European integration, which has been ‘integration through law’. Yet, with the rising competences of the European Parliament, much research has neglected the importance of the Court. With a focus on the European and the member-state levels, we analyze the interactions of the three branches of government within and between levels. How easily can political compromises on social rebalancing be challenged judicially? Which different preferences do member states have with view to the protection of social standards? How well versed are different member-state administrations to control social dumping through atypical work, and how do different economic actors position themselves in between social protection and the EU’s economic freedoms?By focusing on administrative and judicial responses next to EU legislation, the project analyzes where EU rules for atypical employment, solo self-employment and posted work undermine existing social compromises in member states, and how European or national rules can provide compensation for this. The comparison among different forms of atypical work and different member states promises to provide important guidelines for the successful rebalancing of the enlarged single market.