Knowledge of the Unknown. On the Emergence and Functional Logic of the “Dark Figure” in the 19th Century

“黑影”可以说是指对隐藏的、但可能是真实发生的事件的统计。它给那些既能逃避常识又能引发焦虑的事物起了个名字。二十年来，对所谓的黑暗人物的主要研究集中在了解实际犯罪的规模上。这些研究项目由政治领域和科学界共同努力产生，包括定期安全报告(Periodische Sinherheitsberichte)、德国安全晴雨表(Bareter Sinherheit In Deutschland)和受害调查模块。尽管目前人们的兴趣和意识有所增加，但这种“未知知识”的历史及其认识论影响在很大程度上仍然是黑暗的。研究的对象是一个与具体需求和影响深远的行动相联系的未知/不知道的数字。这个怀疑人物的意义、意义和谈判应该被视为科学史上的一个组成部分。利用可获得的材料，具体追踪19世纪过程中的未知事迹现象如何发展成为一个独立的研究领域，从而开辟新的干预领域。人们对真实事件与其事实可知性的分离的担忧可以追溯到19世纪。利用三个案例研究，可以通过调查以下几项来审查不同的方法和程序范围：努力在城市一级捕获隐蔽卖淫(柏林)，在国家一级确定被视为潜在危险的精神疾病的规模(普鲁士)，以及试图在帝国一级收集和确定“犯罪现实”(德国帝国)。这些案例研究包括犯罪研究、公共卫生政策、行政管理、警察、贫困和社会福利计划之间的干预区域。这个项目的目标是在危险的预兆下书写治理的历史(Durchwaltung)。案例分析遵循四个密切相关的焦点：首先，将关注这个未知/知道的图形，它的功能逻辑和认识论含义。其次，当代搜索被吸引到被危险笼罩的社会生活中心地区，不应被视为与未知领土的地图绘制中使用的技术分开，后者的目的是以一种新形式的可见性来显示社会集体的“存在”或性质。第三，鉴于感知和决策形式的相互依存，应注意数据收集做法可能确定感兴趣的选定对象的方式。第四，分析不确定性知识在与其相关需求和措施的相互作用中的使用。

"dark figure" can be said to refer to a statistics of hidden but nevertheless presumably real occurrences. It gives a name to something that tends to both evade general knowledge and induce angst. For two decades, major studies on the so-called dark figure have focused on attaining a picture of the scale of actual crimes committed. These research programs, generated by a combined effort of the political sphere and the sciences, include the Periodic Security Reports (Periodische Sicherheitsberichte), the Barometer of Security in Germany (Barometer Sicherheit in Deutschland), and the Victimisation Survey Module. Despite the current increase in interest and awareness, the history of this "knowledge of the unknown" and its epistemological implications have remained largely in the dark. The object of research is a figure of un/knowing that is interlinked with concrete demands and far-reaching actions. The meaning, significance, and negotiation of this figure of suspicion should be viewed as a constitutive element of the history of science. Using the material available, the way in which the phenomenon of the unknown deed in the course of the 19th century advanced to become a research area of its own, thereby opening new fields of intervention, is to be traced concretely. Concern over the separation of real events from their factual knowability dates back to the 19th century. Using three case studies, different scopes of approach and procedure can be examined by investigating the following: efforts to capture covert prostitution at the level of the city (Berlin), the search to determine the scale of what were seen as potentially dangerous mental illnesses at the level of the state (Prussia), and attempts to collect and determine a "reality of criminality" at the level of the empire (Deutsches Reich). These case studies include zones of intervention at the interface between criminality studies, public health policy, administration, the police, and poverty and social welfare programs from the perspective of un/knowing.The goal of this project is to write the history of governance (Durchwaltung) under the omen of danger. The case study analysis follows four, closely related points of focus: First, attention will be paid to this figure of un/knowing, its functional logic and epistemological implications. Second, the contemporary search, which gravitated towards areas at the center of social life that were shrouded in danger, should not be seen as separate from the techniques used in the cartography of unknown territories, which had as its aim a new form of visibility of the ‘being’ or nature of the social collective. Third, given the interdependence of forms of perception and decision-making, attention is paid to the way in which the practices of data collection may have determined the chosen objects of interest. Fourth, the use of uncertain knowledge in an interplay with its related demands and measures will be analyzed.