Moral Economy and Ecclesiastical Office. Discourses about Simony in the Early Middle Ages (600-1050)

该项目关注中世纪早期法兰克王国及其后继王国以及意大利的买卖圣职话语。在这里，Simony被理解为一种货币支付，作为接受金钱，或者更普遍地说，作为一种礼物，在某种意义上说，是对一个具体的神职人员的官方行为的有意的物质影响。该项目的目标是基于广泛的源材料（教会法和世俗法，信件，圣徒传和历史学，神学文献，诗歌）和全面的方法基础（话语分析，历史腐败研究，对感知和社会知识的反思，道德经济和礼物赠送理论），对当代的感知，解释和克服simonistic行动进行多维分析。分析的一个重要因素是评估的来源simonistic行动所使用的不同术语释义。它不仅有助于反映当时的语言用法，而且还有助于确定当时的人怀疑或推测或实际犯下的simonistic行为的具体背景。参与买卖圣职的人，他们的动机和他们的自我反省的程度进行检查，以及由那些没有积极参与的同时代人的相应行动的评价。因此，可以核实在哪些情况下买卖圣职被理解为一种犯罪行为或社会接受的行为。买卖圣职和其他形式，这是一般归入术语“腐败”之间的相互关系的分析，使人们有可能引入新的视角对这个话题，并分析买卖圣职在一个更全面的方式比以前的研究研究当代话语。特别注意的是，在佳能和世俗的法律文本中的买卖圣职的话语，不仅考虑买卖圣职的规范性声明，但也在法律集合的安排这一现象的重要性。这一观点揭示了人们对买卖圣职问题的认识，这些问题可以在法律的文本中找到。最后，该项目的重点是分析，如何和强度等级的中世纪早期关于买卖圣职的思想影响和改变了当代的努力，改革教会和社会，以及当代概念的文书办公室。因此，该项目填补了中世纪研究领域的研究空白，并证明由于该主题在方法和内容方面的重新定位，与当前的研究领域高度兼容。

The project is concerned with early medieval discourses of simony in the Frankish kingdom and its succeeding realms as well as in Italy. Simony is understood here as a monetary payment, as the acceptance of money or more generally as a gift in the sense of an intentional material influence on a concrete clerical official act. The objective of the project is the multidimensional analysis of the contemporary perception, interpretation and overcoming of simonistic actions based on a wide range of source material (canon and secular law, letters, hagiography and historiography, theological literature, poems) and a comprehensive methodical fundament (discourse analysis, historical corruption research, reflections on perception and social knowledge, moral economy and gift-giving theory). An essential factor for the analysis is the evaluation of the diverging terminological paraphrases used by the sources for simonistic actions. It helps not only to reflect the linguistic usage of the time, but also to identify the specific contexts in which simonistic acts were suspected or else supposedly or actually committed by contemporaries. The persons involved in simony, their motivation and the degree of their self-reflection are examined as well as the evaluation of the corresponding actions by those contemporaries who were not actively involved. Hereby it can be verified in which cases simony was understood as an incriminating offence or as socially accepted behaviour. An analysis of the interrelations between simony and other forms which are generally subsumed under the term 'corruption' makes it possible to introduce new perspectives on the topic and to analyse the contemporary discourses of simony in a more holistic manner than in previous research studies. Particular attention is paid to the discourses of simony in canon and secular law texts by considering not only the normative statements about simony but also the importance of this phenomenon within the arrangement of the law collections. This perspective serves to reveal the awareness of problems relating to simony which can be identified in the legal texts. Finally, the project focuses on an analysis, of how and to which grade of intensity early medieval thinking about simony influenced and changed contemporary efforts to reform the church and society as well as the contemporary concept of the clerical office. Thus the project closes a research gap in the field of medieval studies and proves to be highly compatible with current research fields due to the reorientation of the topic in terms of method and content.