Urban Shadow Spaces in the Postcolonial State: Self-organisation of Land and Water Resources in the Periphery of Maputo (Mozambique)

自1992年以来，莫桑比克这个年轻的后殖民国家一直在经历深刻的政治转型过程，从一个以前的社会主义国家转变为一个民主的民族国家，越来越多地呈现出新世袭制的特征。莫桑比克解放阵线（解阵）领导的工会和合作社的影响力正在减弱，民间社会行为者的活动正在补充它们的影响力，这些活动往往得到（国际）非政府组织的支持。首都马普托及其人口稠密的周边地区在社会政治过渡进程中发挥着至关重要的作用。城市周边空间在生活的许多领域都是自我组织的影子存在，以提供物质和社会文化必需品。它们可以被看作是一个实验室，在这个实验室里，民主过渡正在从底层和社会边缘发生，在这个实验室里，发展进程正在进行，习俗当局和（非）国家行为者相互作用，创造一种特定形式的后殖民公民社会治理。这里揭示了一种矛盾心理：一方面，国家缺乏为所有公民提供城市基础设施和服务的意愿和/或能力，但另一方面，这为弱势和边缘化群体提供了自决和增强自主性的选择。因此，该分项目将把实证研究的重点放在非洲两个自组织集体上，本报告对卡马布克瓦纳和卡滕贝两个城市地区进行了实地调查，并探讨了他们作为非正式“服务提供者”在社区花园供水和农业食品生产领域的做法逻辑。因此，以资源为基础和以福利为导向的城市公地的两种重要实践形式岌岌可危，这两种实践形式仍然是许多非洲城市生活世界的组成部分。由于他们的生存实践，这些自我组织的群体紧密地嵌入在各自的社区和公社的社会空间中。这个项目的首要研究问题是双重的：是否在提供这两个基本服务的自组织破坏或加强国家机构在提供公共产品/服务的边缘权威？从长远来看，它是否为有效提供这些服务提供了一个途径？从概念上讲，该项目是基于治理和以行为者为中心的体制方法的“层次结构的阴影”，并在实践层面上使用社会企业家精神的启发式方法。这一概念确定了减轻贫困和排斥等社会问题的创新性自下而上战略，其中团结原则发挥了基本作用。

Since 1992, the young post-colonial state of Mozambique has been undergoing a profound political transition process, from a formerly socialist state to a democratic nation-state which is increasingly taking on neo-patrimonial traits. The influence of unions and cooperatives led by the party Frente da Libertação de Moçambique (FRELIMO) is dwindling and being complemented by the activities of civil society actors, often supported by (international) NGOs. The capital of Maputo with its densely populated peripheral districts plays a crucial role in the socio-political transition process. The peri-urban spaces lead a self-organized shadow existence in many spheres of life, in order to provide the material as well as socio-cultural necessities. They can be thought of as a laboratory in which a democratic transition is taking place from below and from the social edge, and in which development processes are playing out with customary authorities and (non-)state actors interacting to create a specific form of governance of a postcolonial civil society. An ambivalence is revealed here: on the one hand, there is a lack of willingness and/or ability on the part of the state to provide urban infrastructures and services for all citizens, but on the other hand, this offers vulnerable and marginalized groups options for self-determination and increased autonomy.Therefore the sub-project will focus its empirical research on two self-organising collectives in the peri-urban quarters of KaMabukwana and Katembe and enquire into their logic of practice as informal 'service providers' in the areas of water supply and agricultural food production in community gardens. Thus two important forms of practice of resource-based and welfare-oriented urban commons are at stake, which remain constitutive for many African urban life-worlds. Due to their existential prac-tices, these self-organising groups are closely embedded in the social space of their respective barrios and communidades. The overarching research question of this project is twofold: Does self-organisation in the provision of both of these essential services undermine or enhance the authority of state institutions in the provision of public goods/services in the periphery? Does it provide an avenue for the efficient delivery of these services in the long-run?Conceptually, the project is based on the governance and actor-centered institutional approach of the ‘shadow of hierarchy’ and uses the heuristic approach of social entrepreneurship on the level of practice. This concept identifies innovative bottom-up strategies for alleviating social problems such as poverty and exclusion, in which principles of solidarity play a constitutive role.