Learning from quantified episodic prediction errors: Individual biases in gist revision

提取过程中的情节预测错误可以在多大程度上和以何种方式改变情节记忆，以及情节预测错误具有哪些启动这种变化的特性？作为对第一个资助期的补充，在第一个资助期，我们定性地操纵PE，我们将在个人有意义的社交互动事件中定量操纵插曲。我们使用多步骤重新整合协议，在剧集编码和检索过程中都包括功能磁共振成像。在实验中1，我们通过引入可变强度的PES来检验重新激活的情节的可修饰性。这将通过独立操纵情节可预测性和情节可预测性的水平来实现，该水平是根据在线评级研究量化的。我们通过两种方式考察了编码和提取的情节之间的相似性是否由提取时的PE强度来量化：在行为水平上，通过记忆成绩的多维尺度来量化；在神经水平上，通过分析大胆反应的代表性差异来实现。为了识别海马和新皮质的潜在不同贡献，PES指的是情节的主旨，即构成情节的特定事件序列，或情节的表面，即情节的确切知觉配置。实验2通过考虑情节预期的特殊差异来扩展该方法，这些差异可能会影响个体在PE后修改情节的倾向。受试者的个人经历和信念被四个调节变量捕获，这些变量为每一集量化他们的主观(A)与自己的自传性相遇的联系，(B)情绪性，(C)社会规则的一致性，和(D)日常典型性。使用这些变量，我们考察了情景建构过程中情景PES修饰效应的个体前提条件，变量(A)和(B)对自传性和情感先验经验的建模，以及变量(C)和(D)关于(语义)社会规则的相当经验的知识。实验3使用情节延续作为一种特定类型的PE，其中一些额外可信地弥合了以前不相关的情节。这种连续和桥接的PE应该更容易整合，因为它们保持现有记忆的连贯性不变，甚至增加它，从而更容易导致对编码片段的修改。我们考察了PE的评级量化强度及其对大胆反应和行为的事件相似性(PE前与PE后)的系统性影响。

To what extent and in which ways can episodic prediction errors (PEs) during retrieval alter episodic memories, and what properties do episodic PEs have that initiate such changes? Complementary to the first funding period, where we manipulated PE qualitatively, we will quantitatively manipulate episodic PEs in personally meaningful episodes of social interaction. We use a multi-step reconsolidation protocol that includes fMRI during both encoding and retrieval of episodes. In Exp. 1, we examine the modifiability of reactivated episodes by introducing PEs of variable strength. This will be achieved by independently manipulating the level of episodic predictedness and episodic predictability as quantified on the basis of an online rating study. We investigate whether the (dis)similarity between encoded and retrieved episodes is quantified by the PE strength at retrieval in two ways: at the behavioral level by multidimensional scaling of memory performance and at the neural level by analyzing the representative dissimilarity of BOLD responses. To identify potentially distinct contributions of hippocampus and neocortex, PEs refer either to episodic gist, i.e., the specific sequence of events that essentially constitute the episode, or to the episodic surface, i.e., the exact perceptual configuration of the episode. Exp. 2 extends the approach by accounting for idiosyncratic differences in episodic expectancy that may influence individual propensity to revise episodes after PE. The subjects' individual experiences and beliefs are captured by four moderator variables that quantify, for each episode, their subjective (a) association with an own autobiographical encounter, (b) emotionality, (c) social rule consistency, and (d) everyday typicality. Using these variables, we examine individual preconditions for the modifying effect of episodic PEs during scenario construction, with variables (a) and (b) modeling aspects of autobiographical and affective prior experience, and variables (c) and (d) rather experiential knowledge about (semantic) social rules. Exp. 3 employs episodic continuations as a specific type of PE, some of which additionally plausibly bridge previously unrelated episodes. Such continuing and bridging PEs should be easier to integrate as they leave the coherence of existing memories untouched or even increase it, and thus more readily lead to revision of encoded episodes. We examine the rating-quantified strength of PEs and their systematic effects on episode similarity (pre- vs. post-PE) in BOLD response and behavior.