Parallax in Electric Field Imagery

该项目涉及将视差概念从几何光学转移到电场领域，用于流体中物体的定位和检查。弱电鱼作为本项目的生物模型，在特殊肌肉细胞的帮助下，在尾部区域形成偶极子般的电场。电场是由皮肤表面的特殊感觉细胞（胚乳细胞）感知的。环境中的物体导致场扭曲，其在皮肤表面的电子图像使鱼能够定位物体，区分材料属性并区分有生命的物体和无生命的物体。“电视”的能力使它们即使在完全黑暗或不透明的水中也能表现出复杂的行为。最近的研究表明，弱电鱼主要利用基于电感的视差来区分远近物体，即使大小不同。在这里，它们的自我运动，以向前和向后的游泳运动为特征，以及Schnauzenorgan和尾巴的主动运动，在自我发射场的局部场过程的受控影响的意义上，似乎都起了作用。在生物学方面，本项目在实际实验中研究了身体部位位置的主动变化对产生的电场的影响。同时，将发展一个理论框架，在已知电场理论的基础上，描述如何通过引入有源单极子和无源场影响元件来具体产生局部场变化。除了理论和模拟考虑外，还将被动场影响因素及其控制与生物实例中的相应因素进行比较。在目标局部场影响的基础上，视差的概念从几何光学转移到电场领域。在光学中，视差需要成像系统（透镜）。这些成像特性是通过局部场变化在电场侧实现的，因为这些变化影响了待定位物体的场扭曲效应如何在传感器方阵上表达。该项目使用模拟和真实的实验室设置，最多可达2D传感器布置。同时，将对两种自由移动的弱电鱼的行为进行实证研究，以了解鱼是否使用某些运动模式来优化电视差效应，从而在其自然行为库中支持深度感知。

This project deals with the transfer of the concept of parallax from geometrical optics to the domain of electric fields for the localization and inspection of objects in fluids. Weakly electric fish, which serve as biological models in this project, form dipole-like electric fields in the tail region with the help of specialized muscle cells. The electric field is perceived with specialized sensory cells (mormyromasts) in the skin surface. Objects in the environment lead to field distortions, whose electrical images on the skin surface allow the fish to locate the objects, differentiate material properties and distinguish animate from inanimate objects. The ability to "see electrically" allows them to display complex behaviors even in total darkness or in opaque water. Recent studies show that weakly electric fish principally use parallax based on their electrical sense to distinguish distant from near objects even at different sizes. Here both their ego-motion, characterized by forward and backward swimming movements as well as the active movement of the Schnauzenorgan and tail in the sense of a controlled influence of the local field course of the self-emitting field seems to play a role. On the biological side, this project investigates the influence of active changes in body part positions on the generated electric field in real-world experiments. At the same time, a theoretical framework will be developed which describes, on the basis of the known electric field theory, how local field changes can be specifically generated by introducing active monopoles and passive field influencing elements. The passive field influencing elements and their control will be compared with the corresponding counterparts from the biological example in addition to theoretical and simulative considerations. On the basis of the targeted local field influence, the concept of parallax is then transferred from geometrical optics to the domain of electric fields. In optics, parallax requires an imaging system (lenses). These imaging properties are achieved on the electrical field side by local field changes, since these changes influence how the field-distorting effects of objects to be localized are expressed on a sensor phalanx. The project uses simulation and real laboratory set-ups up to 2D sensor arrangements. At the same time, the behaviour of free-moving, weakly electric fish of two species will be empirically investigated to understand whether the fish use certain movement patterns to optimize the electrical parallax effect and thus support depth perception within their natural behavioural repertoire.