The Development of Pig Husbandry and Taboo in the Southern Levantine Classical Period: An Integrated Zooarchaeological, Isotopic, and Genetics Approach

这个项目的目标是研究古典时期(公元前333年-公元636年)黎凡特地区(今天的以色列、巴勒斯坦和约旦)的养猪业。古典时期是由希腊-罗马帝国主义、文化接触、环境变化以及犹太人和非犹太人之间养猪业和消费两极分化加剧所定义的千年。这激起了围绕猪的禁忌的情绪。黎凡特是一个文化多元化的地区，希腊/罗马殖民者和士兵与当地不同人口的成员混杂在一起，包括遵守圣经中关于猪肉的禁忌的犹太人，以及那些更愿意采用占主导地位的希腊-罗马文化元素的人。尽管之前的研究已经证明，在这段时间里，许多地方的生猪消费量有所增加，但目前仍不清楚生猪是如何饲养的，以及生猪饲养者在畜牧业生产中采取了什么策略。我们将使用光稳定同位素分析、生物计量分析、死亡年龄分析和牙结石病原体的aDNA分析来研究养猪业实践中的时空变异性。将这些方法应用于位于以色列的各种考古遗址，我们将测试与不同种族群体之间不同管理做法有关的假设，包括希腊/罗马殖民者和士兵、希腊化的犹太人和非犹太莱万丁人口。由于养猪业可以采取许多不同的形式，它为了解人与环境的互动和文化过程提供了一个独特的窗口。我们将在研究中研究的问题与人文科学和社会科学中的基本问题联系在一起，例如与世界宗教的发展、帝国背景下的种族以及不同类型农业实践发生的生态条件有关的问题。

The goal of this project is to examine pig husbandry in the Classical period (c.333 BC- AD 636) in the Levant (modern-day Israel, Palestine, and Jordan). The Classical period was a millennium defined by Greco-Roman imperialism, culture contact, environmental change, and the increased polarization of pig husbandry and consumption among Jewish and non-Jewish populations. This had the effect of galvanizing sentiments surrounding the pig taboo. The Levant was a culturally heterogeneous region, where Greek/Roman colonists and soldiers mixed with members of various local populations, including Jews who observed the Biblical taboos on pork and those who were more willing to adopt elements of the dominant Greco-Roman culture. While previous research has documented an increase in pig consumption at many sites during this time, it remains unclear how pigs were raised and what strategies pig breeders deployed in livestock production. We will use light stable isotopic analysis, biometric analysis, age-at-death analysis, and aDNA analysis of pathogens trapped in dental calculus to examine the spatial and temporal variability in pig husbandry practices. Applying these methods to various archaeological sites located in Israel, we will test hypotheses relating to different management practices among different ethnic groups, including Greek/Roman colonists and soldiers, "Hellenized" Jews, and non-Jewish Levantine populations. Because pig husbandry can take on many different forms, it provides a unique window into human-environmental interaction and cultural processes. The issues we will examine in our research articulate with fundamental questions in the humanities and social sciences, such as those pertaining to the development of world religions, ethnicity in imperial contexts, and the ecological conditions under which different types of agricultural practice take place.