Schema with Variations: International Layout Standards and Local Text/Image Idioms in IllustratedJournals between 1850 and 1880

到19世纪50年代末，以模版为基础的插图印刷在期刊中已经很少见了，其结果是，国际上的木版插图期刊不再有统一的视觉或主题风格。该项目追溯了文本和图案设计的转变，并遵循了19世纪30年代和40年代到19世纪最后25年的期刊插图的历史。该项目的前提是，它研究了英语、法语和德语期刊上的语言和视觉差异，遵循了《伦敦新闻画报》等例子的模式，这种差异发生在文本-图像语法的基础上，与20世纪上半叶普遍存在的语法明显不同。该项目重建了这种通过插图和排版构成的新方法的基本特征，即，最迟从19世纪60年代开始，相对较少的既定国际布局模式开始规范插图杂志（双页）（传播）的视觉设计。该项目将表明，正是通过这些模式的特殊变化，个别插图期刊开始主张自己作为谈判场所，在国际布局转移过程的背景下，出现了当地的口头和视觉习惯。该项目开发了一个微妙的目录，包括1865年左右在《伦敦新闻画报》（Illustrated London News）等期刊上常见的布局模式。它重建了它们在19世纪50年代的出现，并评估了它们在1850年至1880年间的时间、地方、数量和主题使用。在这些分析的基础上，仔细阅读将检查这些布局模式的各种语义形式，以及它们作为促进文本和图像元素之间密切互动的隐性交流工具的功能，即使在主题异质性和空间距离的情况下也是如此。这些案例研究的重点是，在当代图像媒体星座中，页面编排实践的变化如何突出插图期刊的特定品质——例如，它们如何将不同的图像制作模式与期刊的木版印刷能力联系起来。除了考虑如何通过（双）页布局来强调木刻主题的动态，而不是静态摄影主题，该项目还探讨了每周的插图报纸，作为一种与日报和插图书有密切关系的通用格式，如何通过插图布局模式的变化来承载短暂性和持久性之间的紧张关系。这种张力将通过“战争”这一主题来检验，这一主题在研究中起着中心作用。在日报的话题性和插图书的纪念文化之间寻求平衡的过程中，这一主题可以展示插图杂志的新文本-图像语法的可能性和局限性。

By the end of the 1850s, cliché-based illustration printing had already become rare in journals, with the upshot that international, xylographically illustrated journals no longer had a uniform visual or thematic style. This project traces this transformation in textual and pictorial design and follows the history of journal illustration beyond the 1830s and 1840s into the last quarter of the 19th century.The project’s premise is that the verbal and visual differentiation that it investigates inEnglish, French, and German journals, following the pattern of examples such as the Illustrated London News, takes place on the basis of a text-image syntax that is markedly different from the syntax prevalent in the first half of the century. The project reconstructs a fundamental feature of this new means of generating meaning through the composition of illustrations and typography, namely that, from the 1860s at the latest, a relatively small number of established international layout patterns came to regulate the visual design of the illustrated journal (double) page (spread). The project will show that it is through particular variations on these schemas that individual illustrated periodicals came to assert themselves as sites of negotiation in which local verbal and visual idioms emerged against the backdrop of an international layout transfer process.The project develops a nuanced catalogue of the layout schemas common in journals such as the Illustrated London News by around 1865. It reconstructs their emergence in the 1850s and assesses their temporal, local, quantitative, and thematic usage between 1850 and 1880. Building on these analyses, close readings will examine various forms of semanticisation of these layout patterns and their function as implicit instruments of communication facilitating close interaction between text and image elements, even in cases of thematic heterogeneity and spatial distance. These case studies focus on how variations in mise en page practices highlight the specific qualities of illustrated journals in contemporary image media constellations—how, for example, they relate different modes of image production to xylographic capacities of journals. In addition to considering how the dynamics of woodcut subjects is emphasised over static photographic subjects by means of (double) page layouts, the project also explores how the weekly illustrated newspaper, as a generic format with affinities with both daily newspapers and illustrated books, plays host to a tension between ephemerality andpersistence through the variation of illustrated layout schemas. This tension will be examined by way of the theme of "war" which plays a central role in the study. The theme makes it possible to show the possibilities and limits of the new text-image syntax of illustrated journals as they attempt to strike a balance between the topicality of the daily newspaper and the prestigious commemorative culture of illustrated books.