Migration society and transcultural entanglement in a multi-structured urban space – Kamjaneć-Podilśkyj in the 16th and 17th centuries

该项目考察了早期现代城市社区对移民的官方和非官方态度。波兰王国东南部波多利亚省的卡米内奇市是一个超区域贸易中心，同时也是与奥斯曼帝国、摩尔多瓦和克里米亚接壤的重要堡垒。该市由亚美尼亚人、波兰人和鲁塞尼亚人组成的三方治安官独一无二地自治，体现了移民社会的多重结构。该市靠近边界的位置和该地区频繁的武装冲突也导致了针对奥斯曼帝国和鞑靼人的共同态度的形成。这项研究始于16世纪中叶开始的城市和区域记录，直到1672年奥斯曼帝国占领时期，这一时期极大地改变了机构和人口结构。该项目由以下问题领导：移民人口如何在多极行为者矩阵中定位？他们如何以及与谁谈判从属关系？谁设定了界限并付诸实施？采用以行动者为中心的方法，本研究以城市行动者与地区和领地精英的接触为背景，追踪了他们之间的沟通和纠缠的过程。在城市社区内，这些进程对于勾勒社会等级和管理冲突很重要，但对于创造一种抵御外部威胁的社区感也很重要。该项目突出了谈判决定社会秩序、规范被社区接纳的方式以及界定归属叙述的复杂性。对跨文化纠缠的研究是理解社会形成过程的关键，因此为关于移民和社会的辩论提供了方法论上的贡献，远远超出了具体案例研究的范围。

The project examines official and unofficial attitudes towards migration in an early modern urban community. The city of Kamjanec in the south-eastern province of Podolia in the kingdom of Poland was a supra regional trading hub and at the same time an important fortress bordering the Ottoman Empire, Moldova and Crimea. The city was uniquely self-governed by a tripartite Armenian, Polish and Ruthenian magistrate, which exemplified the multifold structures of a migration society. The city’s location near the border and frequent armed conflicts in the region also led to the development of a common attitude against Ottomans and Tatars. The study sets in with the beginning of urban and regional records in the mid-16th century leading up to the time of the Ottoman occupation in 1672, which substantially changed the institutional and demographic framework. The project is led by the following questions: How are migrant populations positioned in a multipolar matrix of actors? How and with whom do they negotiate affiliations? Who sets up boundaries and implements them? Using an actor-centered approach, the study traces processes of communication and entanglement among urban actors against the background of their contacts with regional and territorial elites. Within the urban community these processes are important for outlining social hierarchies and managing conflicts but also for creating a sense of community against an outside threat. The project highlights the complexity of negotiations determining social order, regulating the modalities of being accepted into the community, and defining narratives of belonging. The study of transcultural entanglements serves as a key to understanding processes of society formation, therefore providing a methodologic contribution to the debates on migration and society well beyond the scope of the specific case study.