Viral ecO-evOlutionary Dynamics of wild and domestic pOllinatOrs under global change

传粉者和授粉是生态系统和人类健康的基础，但它们面临着来自全球变化的多重威胁。土地利用和外来物种对景观植物资源的人为改造可能会对传粉者造成营养压力，改变它们的丰度和物种相互作用。这可能会放大疾病风险，特别是来自RNA病毒的风险，这些病毒由于高突变和重组率，能够迅速适应环境变化和新的宿主，往往会导致新的传染病。然而，关于全球变化驱动病毒宿主转移的可能性以及可能导致可管理和野生传粉者损失的新出现的大流行病毒，存在着重大的知识空白。最近的证据表明，病毒在一系列传粉者中共同感染。然而，全球变化如何通过改变寄主营养、病毒对替代寄主的适应、物种多样性的缓冲效应以及特定物种或栖息地作为传播中心的作用来影响传粉者疾病风险，仍然知之甚少。伏都教旨在发现从个体到社区的植物-传粉者-病毒相互作用的生态流行病学动态如何受到集约农业、外来植物物种和城市化推动的营养(植物)资源的可用性和质量的变化的调节。利用生态采样和高分辨率分子分析(定量和链特异性聚合酶链式反应)，我们将量化不同景观中的三方(植物-传粉者-病毒)网络，并使用网络和生态流行病学模型来揭示疾病中心和跨生物体和栖息地的动态。我们将结合研究传播途径的半场实验和实验室选择实验(包括NGS)来测试病毒在已知和替代寄主物种中的适合性/适应性，这些寄主物种受到田间现实的营养压力处理。我们将与不同的社会行为者接触，整合关于风险管理和执行的决策方面的补充知识，以确保可持续的社会成果。

Pollinators and pollination underpin ecosystem and human health but they face multiple threats from global change. Anthropogenic modification of landscape floral resources by land-use and alien species may nutritionally stress pollinators and alter their abundance and species interactions. This can magnify disease risk, especially from RNA viruses that, due to high mutation and recombination rates, rapidly adapt to environmental changes and novel hosts, often leading to emerging infectious diseases. However, major knowledge gaps exist on the potential for global change to drive virus host shifts and emergent pandemic viruses that could lead to managed and wild pollinator losses. Recent evidence suggests viral co-infection across a spectrum of pollinators. Nevertheless how global change pressures shape pollinator disease risk by modifying host nutrition, viral adaptation to alternative hosts, the buffering effects of species diversity and the role of particular species or habitats as transmission hubs, remains poorly understood. VOODOO aims to discover how the eco-epidemiological dynamics of plant-pollinator-virus interactions from individual to community levels are modulated by changes to the availability and quality of nutritional (floral) resources driven by intensive agriculture, alien plant species, and urbanisation. Using ecological sampling and high-resolution molecular analyses (quantitative and strand-specific PCR), we will quantify tripartite (plant-pollinator-virus) networks in different landscapes and use network and eco-epidemiological modelling to reveal disease hubs and dynamics across organisms and habitats. We will couple this with semi-field experiments examining transmission pathways and laboratory selection experiments (incorporating NGS) testing viral fitness/adaptation in known and alternative host species subjected to field-realistic nutritional stress treatments. We will engage with diverse societal actors to integrate complementary knowledge on decision-making for risk management and implementation to assure sustainable societal outcomes.