Study on isozyme polymorhism, phylogenesis and culture differentiation in Vitis soo

葡萄属植物种类繁多，自古以来就有栽培史，后分布于世界各地。在这些物种中，很少有人清楚地知道它们的起源，它们的遗传分析也没有得到彻底的研究。利用葡萄糖磷酸异构酶（GPI）和葡萄糖磷酸变位酶（PGM）两个高度变异的酶系对葡萄品种的亲本进行了研究。在我们调查的35个亲本/后代组合中，有30个组合的后代中的等位基因存在于报道的亲本中，而5个组合的后代中的等位基因不能从报道的亲本中提取。“Hiro Hamburg”的Gpi-2基因型和“Pione”的Pgm-2基因型分别表明“Koshu Sanjuku”和“Cannon Hall麝香”可能不是父本。 ...更多信息 “Beniyamabiko”的-2基因型表明"Niagara“和来自”DxK-151“x”特拉华州“的杂种可能分别不是母本。日本栽培的“Cannon Hall麝香”的Gpi-2基因型表明，该品种可能不是起源于“亚历山大玫瑰”的四倍体芽变。品种内未观察到同工酶变异。对99个二倍体栽培品种、8个野生种的20个二倍体植株及其后代进行电泳分析，发现Gpi-2有13个等位基因，Pgm-2有11个等位基因。这些数据表明，葡萄属种间存在高度的遗传分化。随后，Gpi-2和Pgm-2的基因型确定在6个二倍体品种和4个四倍体品种用于杂交。从15个二倍体和四倍体品种杂交的98个幼苗中，92个表现出三体基因表达的被确定为三倍体杂种，而6个表现出二体基因表达的被确定为污染花粉产生的二倍体植株。这些结果表明，这两个高度变异的酶系统在葡萄育种和系统发育研究中是非常有用的。本研究利用了三个酶系统：异柠檬酸脱氢酶（IDH）、甲酸脱氢酶（FDH）和超氧化物歧化酶（SDH）。IDH和FDH均为1条活性带，SOD-1、SOD-2、SOD-3为3条活性带，各为一条二次曲线。此外，在所调查的223个品种和9个野生种中，IDH有8种带型，FDH有6种带型，SOD-1有2种带型，SOD-2有4种带型，SOD-3有3种带型。这三种酶系统可以作为研究品种鉴定和遗传变异的有用标记，并根据这些结果进一步研究葡萄品种的基因型。从芽变中选出的所有品种在遗传上是相同的。在218个供试品种中，Gpi-2能检测到13个品种，Pgm-2能检测到9个品种，Idh-1能检测到3个品种，Sod-1和Sod-3不能检测到任何品种，Sod-2和Fdh-1各检测到1个品种。此外，这7个基因座组合检测到145个品种，因为它们可能起源于其他品种。此后，如果对最近被彻底研究的控制酶的等位基因和基因座有了清楚的了解，那么通过同工酶鉴定品种基因型的可能性可能会更高。少

Having various species, the genus Vitis hs been cultivated from remote age and then distributed throughout the world. Among these species, few has been clearly known about their origin and their genetic analyzes have not been thoroughly investigated. As they may be used as breeding materials, their genetic relationships should be clearly defined.Two highly variable enzyme systems of glucosephosphate isomerase (GPI) and phosphoglucomutase (PGM) were usued to investigate the parentages of grape cultivars. Of 35 parent/offspring combinations that we investigated, 30 combinations gave alleles in the offspring which were presentedin the reported parents, whereas 5 combinations gave alleles to the offspring which were not extractable from the reported parents. The Gpi-2 genotype of 'Hiro Hamburg' and the Pgm-2 genotype of 'Pione' indicated that 'Koshu Sanjuku' and 'Cannon Hall Muscat' may not have been the paternal parent respectively.The Gpi-2 genotype of 'New Niagara' and the Gpi-2 and Pgm … More -2 genotypes of 'Beniyamabiko' indicated that 'Niagara' and a htbrid from 'DxK-151' x 'Delaware' may not have been the maternal parent respectively. The Gpi-2 genotype of 'Cannon Hall Muscat' grown in Japan indicated that this cultivar may not have originated as a tetraploid sport of 'Muscat of Alexandria'.Inheritance and variation of glucosephosphate isomerase (GPI) and phosphoglucomutase (PGM) isozymes in Vitis and their usefulnesses in triploid grape breeding were investigated. No isozyme variations were observed within cultivars. Onelectrophoretic analysis of 99 diploid cultivars, 20 diploid plants from 8 wild species, and their progenies, thirteen alleles were found for Gpi-2 and eleven for Pgm-2. The data indicated high degree of genetic divergence between species in Vitis. Subsequently, genotypes for Gpi-2 and Pgm-2 were determined in 6 diploid cultivars and 4 tetraploid cultivars used for crossings. Of 98 seedlings from 15 controlled crosses betweenthe diploid and tetraploid cultivars, 92 exhibiting trisomic gene expression were determined to be triploid hybrids, while 6 exhibiting disomic gene expression were determined to be diploidplants produced by contaminating pollen. These results indicate that the two highly variableenzyme systems are very useful for breeding and phylogenetic study in grape.Three enzyme systems of Isocitrate Dehydrogenase (IDH), Formate Dehydrogenase (FDH) and Superoxide Dismutase (SDH) were used. One activity zone in IDH and FDH, and three zones (SOD-1, SOD-2, SOD-3), each was a dimetric, were significant. Moreover, in 223 cultivars and 9 wild species having enzyme variabilities that we investigated, 8 banding patterns in IDH, 6 patterns in FDH, 2 patterns in SOD-1, 4 patterns in SOD-2 and 3 patterns in SOD-3 were abserved.Consequently, in addition to the enzyme systems of GPI-2 and PGM-2 that we proposed, these three enzyme systems may be considered as useful markers to study cultivar identifications and genetic variabilities.From those results, the genotypes of grape cultivars were further investigated. All cultivars selected from bud mutations were genetically the same. Of 218 cultivars investigated, Gpi-2 was able to detect 13 cultivars, Pgm-2 was 9 cultivars, Idh-1 was 3 cultivars, Sod-1 and Sod-3 were not able to detect any cutivars, and Sod-2 and Fdh-1 were each 1 cultivars as those might not have been genetically originated from others. Moreover, 145 cultivars were detected through these 7 locus combinely as those might have possibly been originated from others.Thereafter, if alleles and locus that are presumed to control enzymes being thoroughly investigated recently are clearly understood, the possibilities of identification of cultivar genotypes by isozyme may be higher. Less