Merchant Organizations and State Power in Republican China

本研究的目的是分析政府的社会经济现代化政策与商人组织，特别是商会的作用之间的关系本文的主要研究内容如下：1第一次世界大战期间，农业和商业部北京政府成立经济调查理事会（经济调洽会）以讨论战后的工商政策。但由于各地行政机构联系不畅，不依靠商会网络，这个理事会就无法充分发挥作用。[2]北京政府时期江苏省政府的产业政策存在着诸多问题，如：地方政府与地方政府之间的对抗，地方政府与地方政府之间的关系，地方政府与地方政府之间的关系，地方政府与地方政府之间的关系等（《圣城公输》）和工业部（《实业亭》），财政困难，行政和技术专家不足。因此，江苏商会等资本主义组织对发展地方工业管理产生了浓厚的兴趣，并对地方经济的近代化起到了积极的作用。[3]甲午战争前的30年代，南京国民政府对上海行业协会的改组政策是将其置于党和国家的严密控制之下。但主要是，这一政策是在上海市商会（shang-hai shih Shang-hui）和许多行业协会（Kung-Sheng T 'ung-yeh Kung-hui）的要求下加强的，这些协会要求在世界经济危机下控制经济。

The aim of this research project is to analize the relation between the government's policies for socio-economic modernization and the role of merchant organizations, especially the chambers of commerce (Shang-hui) in it in the era of Republican China.The main points of this research are as follows :1 During the World War I,The Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce (Nung-shang Pu) of the Peking Government established the Economic Investigative Council (Ching-chi Tiao-c'ha Hui) in order to discuss postwar policies for trade and industry. But this council could not work sufficiently without relying on the network of the chambers of commerce owing to the poor connection of administrative bodies all over the country.2 The industrial policies of the Kiangsu Provincial Government in the period of the Peking Government had several problems such as confrontation between the Civil Governor Office (Sheng-cheng Kung-shu) and the Department of Industry (Shih-yeh T'ing), financial difficulties, and insufficiency of administrative and technical experts. Therefore, chambers of commerce and other capitalist organizations in Kiangsu were interested in developing the local industrial administration, and playd a positive role in modernizing the local economy.3 In the 1930's before the Sino-Japanese War, the Nanking Nationalist Government's policy for reorganizing trade associations in Shanghai was to place them under the party-state control tightly. but mainly, that policy was intensified at the request of Shanghai Municipality Chamber of Commerce (shang-hai shih Shang-hui) and many trade associations (Kung-Sheng T'ung-yeh Kung-hui) which demanded controlled economy under the World Economic Crisis.