Role of constitutive and induced chemodiversity in Solanum dulcamara in plant-herbivore interactions

喜湿植物Solanum dulcamara在非常不同的栖息地中发现，包括显着干燥的，由于其高表型可塑性。在第一个资助期，我们的目标是研究这种植物的生物和非生物环境因素与叶代谢产物化学多样性之间的关系。强烈的相关性表明，酚类物质的化学多样性显着较高，在干燥的栖息地，植物和草食动物的物种数比在潮湿，物种贫乏的网站。这表明，复杂的社区可能会促进种内化学多样性，并与假设植物化学多样性的压力下，以科普不同的压力源的演变是一致的。此外，植物表现出较高的个体内化学多样性，这是在一个赛季的过程中叶代谢物模式的显着变化表示。P4分析目前测试这些关系的类固醇生物碱。正在进行的温室实验与克隆相同的植物个体正在调查的基因型确定的差异组成和伤口诱导的叶代谢产物的组成，随后实验测试的后果与选定的基因型在植物-昆虫相互作用的化学多样性。在第二个资助期内，我们的目标是用分子标记分析群体内和群体间的遗传变异，并使用多变量统计来研究它与化学多样性的关系。我们将测试是否有这种关系的组成和伤口诱导的化学多样性和遗传和化学多样性是如何与环境因素的人群之间的差异。我们的目标是扩大其遗传，化学和生态变异分析的人口的地理范围，使这些关系也可以跨大气候梯度和更大的遗传分歧的人口进行调查。结果可以与P5进行比较，并与P9一起为评估植物化学多样性进化的假设提供线索。我们进一步的目的是调查组成和诱导的个体内化学多样性在不同器官的基因型，其特征在于无论是专业或通才食草动物占主导地位的人口。化学差异基因型将用于化学多样性-可塑性实验（COR）和P10中化学变异的所有数据。器官特异性模式将在所有三种植物物种与P1-P5进行比较分析，并在生物测定和相互移植实验中研究器官特异性化学多样性与通才和专家相互作用的功能作用。

The wet-loving plant Solanum dulcamara is found in very different habitats, including significantly drier ones, due to its high phenotypic plasticity. In the first funding period, our goal was to study populations of this plant for relationships between biotic and abiotic environmental factors and chemodiversity in leaf metabolites. Strong correlations indicated that the chemodiversity of phenolic substances is significantly higher in drier habitats with higher species numbers of plants and herbivores than in wet, species-poor sites. This suggests that complex communities may promote intraspecific chemodiversity and is consistent with the assumption that plant chemodiversity evolves under the pressure to cope with different stressors. In addition, the plants showed a high intra-individual chemodiversity, which was expressed in a pronounced change in leaf metabolite patterns over the course of a season. Analyses with P4 currently test these relationships for steroid alkaloids. Ongoing greenhouse experiments with clones of the same plant individuals are investigating the genotypically determined differences in constitutive and wound-induced leaf metabolite composition to subsequently experimentally test the consequences of chemodiversity with selected genotypes in plant-insect interactions. In a second funding period, we aim to analyse genetic variation within and between populations with molecular markers and use multivariate statistics to examine how it is related to chemodiversity. We will test whether there are differences in this relationship between constitutive and wound-induced chemodiversity and how genetic and chemical diversity are related to environmental factors in populations. We aim to extend the geographic range of the populations analysed for their genetic, chemical and ecological variation so that these relationships can also be investigated across macroclimatic gradients and across populations of larger genetic divergence. The results can be compared with P5 and provide clues for evaluating hypotheses on the evolution of plant chemodiversity together with P9. We further aim to investigate constitutive and induced intra-individual chemodiversity in different organs for genotypes from populations characterised by a dominance of either specialised or generalist herbivores. Chemically divergent genotypes will be used in the chemodiversity-plasticity experiment (COR) and all data on chemical variation in P10. Organ-specific patterns will be analysed comparatively across all three plant species with P1-P5 and the functional role of organ-specific chemodiversity in interaction with generalists and specialists will be investigated in bioassays and reciprocal transplant experiments.