THE INFLUENCE OF FRENCH GYMNASTICS ON THE FORMULATION OF MODERN JAPANESE PHYSICAL EDUCATION SYSTEM IN THE MEIJI ERA.

本研究涉及以下两点。其中之一是法国体操的内容，它在江户时代末期到明治时代传入日本。二是对日本近代体育发展的影响。1866年，德川幕府召见了以夏尔·苏尔皮斯·夏诺为团长的法国军事顾问团，他们带来了法国军队的体操教学教材《Ministere de la guerre（1847年第1版）：instruction pour l’enseignement de la gymnasium tique》。这本书的内容大致可以分为以下几个部分：练习基本要素（练习加上特定的动作、动作、平衡、肌肉力量的发展基本要素、动作练习）和应用练习（动作、动作、动作、动作等）。其中还包括了31种体操器械的设计、布局和说明，如双杠、双杠、双杠、双杠、双杠等。法国顾问从他们那里吸取了一些体操，并指导日本士兵进行训练。“Mokuba no Sho”是关于木马练习和部分“指令”的翻译。译者林正九是怀正大学的教授，同时也是当时日军的翻译。他的翻译忠实于原文，因此这本书受到高度评价。此外，它还被认为是日本近代体育教育的第一部权威研究。党对法国体操的采用推动了它在日本的学习，并被一些官方军事组织接管，例如大阪海军学院（大阪heigakuryo）或富山海军学院（Rikugun Toyama Gakko）等。因此，许多关于法国体操的书籍被翻译成日语。1874年（明治7年），文部科学省将《大寿不正》指定为学校教科书，1875年（明治18年），将《大寿经汉》指定为军事指南。他们都对明治时期近代日本体育制度的演变产生了重大影响。少

This research is concemed with following two points. One of which is the contents of French Gymnastics which were introduced into Japan during the end of the Edo period and to the Meiji era. The other is their influence on the growth of the modern physical education in Japan.In 1866, a party of French military advisers, whose leader was Charles Sulpice Chanoine, were called in by the Tokugawa Shogunate, and they brought in the French Army's textbook on gymnastics instruction "Ministere de la guerre (1st Ed.1847) : Instruction pour l'enseignement de la gymnastique". The contents of this book can be classified roughly as follows : exercices elementaires (exercices plus particulierement propres a l'assouplissement ; equilibres ; developpment elementaire de la force des muscles ; exercices du chant), and exercices d'application (franchir des fosses, des ravins, etc. ; escalades ; courses ; voltige). They also contained the designs, layout and descriptions of 31 kinds of gymnastic apparatus … More es, for example baares parallieles fixes, cheval, perche, octgone, etc. From them, the French advisers adopted some of the gymnastics and instructed Japanese soldiers in them as their training. "Mokuba no Sho" is about the Wooden Horse exercise and a translation of part of the "Instruction". The translator, Hayashi Shojuro, was a professor at Kaiseisho and also acted as interpreter for the Japanese army at that time. His translation is faithful to the original, so the book is highly estimated. In addition, it is recognized as the first definitive study of the modern Japanese physical education.The adoption of French gymnastics by the party motivated its study in Japan, and it was taken over by some official military organizations, for example Osaka naval academiy (Osaka heigakuryo) or Toyama naval academy (Rikugun Toyama Gakko) etc. Consequently, many books about French gymnastics were translated into Japanese. From these translations, the Ministry of Education nominated "Taisou no Sho" as a school textbook in 1874 (Meiji 7) and "Taisou Kyouhan" as a military guidebook in 1875 (Meiji 18). Both of them had a great influence on the evolution of modern Japanese physical education system in the Meiji era. Less