Comparative studies on the differentiation of the socio-cultural structures in the East-Asian states.

与日本传统社会以自治共同体和地方领主（领主）制度为基础不同，旧中国在个人人际关系的积累下，建立了一个垄断行政权力的专制国家。这种对比取决于朝贡酋邦在国家形成之前所处的阶段。在中国，这种制度已经高度发展，因此可以形成一个非常强大的帝国，基于从先前的制度中衍生出来的从属规则，但随后忽略了任何公共秩序。另一方面，在日本，酋长制从未成熟，在中华文明的熏陶下迅速人为地形成了一个国家。因此，它的社会结构将同时受到国家前社会性和引入国家框架的制约。日本从11世纪开始出现小经济单位后，共同体和领主制度就直接从前国家社会发展而来。在这个过程中，主要状态的双重要素将更加重要。生产率的提高促进了这种趋势。这最终导致了封建制度的主导地位或后期的“巴库汉”制度，一种包含社区自治秩序的国家制度。相反，中国不会看到任何反专制秩序的形成。这样一来，作为一种有效的控制制度的封建制度就不可能出现了，对人民的统治越来越弱。这些差异提供了这两个国家的现代面貌。日本封建社会通过对市场的支配和以往由公社承担的排他性垄断，推进了劳动分工和劳动组织，扩大了经营规模，降低了经济成本。此外，所有成员之间集会的传统习俗也将有利于现代国家的政治统一。因此，向现代社会的转变当然可以这样准备。近代以后，中国形成了一种独特的政治经济结构，缺乏像日本那样的过程。少

Different from the traditional Japanese society, based on both the autonomous community and the local seignior (lord) system, in the old China, accumulated the individual human relationships, a despotic state that monopolized administrative power was founded. Such a contrast depends on the phases of the tributary chiefdom existing before the state forming. In China this system had highly developped so that a very powerful empire-state could be formed, based on the rule of subordination derived from the preceding system, but then ignored any communal order. On the other hand, in Japan, never matured the chief-system, a state were shaped up quickly and artificially under the Chinese civilization. Therefore its social structure would be there conditionned by both the pre-state sociability and the introduced state-frame.As soon as small economic utits appear from the 11th century in Japan, both community and seignior system bigin to develop directly from the pre-state sociability. In this … More process, the dual elements of the primary state will be more important. The growth of productivity promotes this tendency. This results finally in the dominance of the feudal system or late in the "Bakuhan" system, a state-system incorporating the autonomous order of communities. Contrariwise China would not see any anti-despotic order growing up. So there could not take place such a feudalism as a effective system of control, the rule over its people had be more and more weakened.These differences provide modern aspects of both states. By the market rulings and the exclusive monopolies, previously assumed by communities, Japanese feudal society could advance on the division and organization of labors, enlarge the management-scale and reduce the economic cost. Additionally the traditional custom of assembly among all the members will be also convenient for the political unification of modern nationhood. Thus the shift into the modern society might be certainly prepared in this way. China made itself a peculiar politico-economic structure lacking the process like Japan after the modern times. Less