A Study on Tense, Aspect and Voice in Modern Japanese

1在此期间，我们一直关注现代日语中时态、体态和语态之间的关系。主要研究结果如下：(1)完成体在现代日语中主要表现为Site-IRU(Site-Ita)式和SITA式。完成体既有时态又有体。(2)形态反义词Suru/Sita既包含(绝对或相对)时态又包含体。虽然日语限定动词形式几乎在所有情况下都有绝对时间参照，但非限定动词形式有相对时间参照或体区别。(C)动结体和被动(或反身)语态之间存在一定的相关性。特别是在对比语言分析中，SARETE-IRU形式将动结体和被动语态的表达结合在一起。对比语言分析是一个使用个人计算机的韩国学生作文错误数据库。关于时体错误有两点：(A)这些错误大致可分为两类：一类是由于学习者日语水平不高而导致的发展性错误，另一类是由韩日两国时体系统的差异造成的干扰错误。干扰偏误不多，除了使用规则形式而不是TE-IRU形式的情况。3对儿童时态的使用情况进行了实验分析。主要结果如下：(1)儿童使用的时态(1)随所要表达的人的动作(无论是静态的还是动态的)而变化，(2)随实验的方法(即口头回答或书面回答)而变化。(2)在早期阶段，被试更喜欢现在时，后来他们在讲故事时大多使用过去时。

1 During this period we have been concerned about the relationships between tense, aspect and voice in Modern Japanese. Main results were as follows :(a) The perfect aspect is manifested in Modern Japanese by site-iru (site-ita) form and sita form. The perfect aspect partakes of both tense and aspect.(b) The morphological opposition suru/sita incorporates both (absolute or relative) tense and aspect. Although Japanese finite verb forms have absolute time reference in nearly all instances, non-finite verb forms have relative time reference or aspectual distinctions.(c) There are certain correlations between resultative aspect and passive (or reflexive) voice. In particular sarete-iru form combines together expressions of resultative aspect and passive voice.2 In contrastive linguistic analysis, a database of errors in compositions written by Korean students, using a personal computer. Two points were clarified about errors of tense and aspect as follows :(a) These errors are classified broadly into two types ; developmental errors caused by the lack of learner's Japanese proficiency, and interference errors caused by the differences of tense-aspect systems between Korean and Japanese.(b) Most of errors are developmental errors. Interference errors are not many except the case ru-form is used instead of te-iru form.3 Some experiments were carried out to analyze the children's usage of tenses. The main results were as follows :(a) The tenses children used varied (1) with the actions of persons (i, e. whether they are static or dynamic) that would be expressed, and (2) with the methods of experiments (i. e. oral responses or written responses).(b) In the early stage the subjects preferred present tense, later they used mostly past tense when they expressed a story.