To do or not to do: Principles of affordance based decision-making

感知能力和给定的环境属性决定了日常生活情境是否会促使人们执行某种行动（能力感知=对行动可能性的感知）。一辆汽车从街上开过来，我的速度是否足够快，能在它撞到我之前安全地过马路？我们假设所涉及的决策过程（可视性判断）是由可视性感知告知和激活的，并且它们受到先前经验和预期行动结果的显著影响。有些任务似乎会让我们高估自己的能力，而在另一些任务中，我们似乎会相当谨慎。由于过度保守或自由的反应倾向，或在区分可能与不可能的行动（如中风后）时，基于缺乏知觉敏感性的错误决定，可能导致不稳定的情况。为了产生以最优方式调节和训练这些决策的潜在方法，我们首先需要详细说明调节因素。为了产生主要假设，我们使用了一个简化的工作模型，该模型基于动态和交互式感知-行动过程的假设，该过程是支持判断的基础。简化的模型反对意念运动元素（结果驱动的行动计划）和感觉运动元素（刺激驱动的感知）作为关键因素，强调与行动相关的注意过程是一个集中的指导因素。在研究中，认知判断性能主要由信号检测指标来描述，而感知性能主要由控制任务来评估。在研究A中，我们通过被操纵的客体价值（结果驱动的行动计划）以及先前的刺激经验（刺激驱动的感知）来测试可视性判断的可变性。在研究B中，我们通过引入动作诱导的注意过程（颁布）来研究当刺激不是在真实环境中呈现而是在虚拟环境中呈现时，通过训练对可视性判断表现的变化和训练效果的可变性。研究C详细阐述了脑卒中后功能判断能力的变化。这项研究阐明了神经心理学特征与提供性判断缺陷之间可能存在的相关性，以及基于以左侧行动网络和右侧感知网络为中心的脑损伤可以预测不同训练效果的假设。我们的新方法阐述了功能判断的调制，我们的目标是在诊断和训练方法的发展方面取得必要的进展，以提高功能判断的性能。

Perceived capabilities and given environmental properties determine whether a daily life situation prompts to perform a certain action (Affordance perception = perception of possibilities for action). A car is coming up the street, - am I fast enough to safely cross the road before it reaches me? We hypothesize that the involved decision processes (affordance judgments) are informed and activated by affordance perception, and that they are influenced significantly by prior experience and the anticipated action outcome. Some tasks appear to lead to overestimating our abilities while in others we seem to be rather cautious. Erroneous decisions due to overly conservative or liberal response tendencies or based on deficient perceptual sensitivity when discriminating possible versus impossible actions (e.g. after stroke) may lead to precarious situations. In order to generate potential approaches, that modulate and train these decisions in an optimal manner, we first need to elaborate on modulating factors.For generating the lead hypotheses we use a simplified working model based on the assumption of dynamic and interactive perception-action processes underlying affordance judgments. The simplified model opposes ideomotor elements (outcome-driven action planning) to sensorimotor elements (stimulus-driven perception) as key factors and stresses action related attentional processes as a centrally guiding element. Across studies affordance judgment performance is primarily described by signal detection measures and perceptual performance is mainly evaluated by control tasks. In study A we test the alterability of affordance judgments by manipulated object value (outcome-driven action planning) as well as the influence of prior experience with stimuli (stimulus driven perception). In study B we investigate the change in affordance judgment performance via training and the alterability of training effects by introducing action induced attentional processes (EnACTment) for when stimuli are presented not in a real but in a virtual environment. Study C elaborates on changed affordance judgment performance after brain damage due to stroke. This study illuminates possible correlations of deficient affordance judgments with neuropsychological profiles as well as the hypothesis that differential training-effects will be predictable based on brain damage centered in rather left-lateralized action-networks versus right-lateralized perception-networks.With our novel approaches elaborating on the modulation of affordance judgments we aim to prime needed progress towards the development of diagnostics and training approaches improving affordance judgment performance.