Muslim-Jewish encounter, diversity & distance in urban Europe: religion, culture and social model (ENCOUNTERS)

这项建议是为了研究以欧洲城市中的犹太人和穆斯林为例的文化间、种族间和宗教间的接触。这两个群体中欧洲人口最多的是法国、德国和英国，它们绝大多数都是城市人口，集中在同一个城市，而且引人注目的是，往往是在同一个社区，这些国家表面上遵循不同的多数与少数民族关系框架模式，为比较研究在欧洲城市中共同生活的可能性创造了理想的条件。尽管学术证据表明，在更广泛的社会中，对犹太人和穆斯林的负面态度是相互关联的，但当前的公共话语却强调了他们之间日益增长的敌意，这与中东地区的事件（包括以色列/巴勒斯坦冲突）以及伊斯兰恐怖主义的兴起及其反击有关。也就是说，评论家指出穆斯林是反犹太主义的主要肇事者。然而，民族志研究表明，城市社区的关系往往更为复杂：日常的商业交流，音乐和艺术场景中的文化交流，自发和制度化的跨宗教活动，回忆欢乐时光的怀旧尝试，以及街头的陈腐接触都是这些关系可以采取的多种形式之一。为了解决这两个少数群体缺乏经验和概念研究的问题，我们将汇集广泛的态度定量数据和定性（民族志和话语分析）研究。为了做到这一点，我们的跨国合作将探索国家之间的特殊性和共性，这些特殊性和共性是由不同的国家融合历史（包括宗教在社会和政治生活中的地位）以及国家政策的地方变化所塑造的，以更好地理解不同类型的关系是如何产生的。在全国范围内，这包括对移民和殖民历史的考察，以及经常被认为是经典模式的考察——英国的“多元主义”，法国的“共和主义”，德国的“联邦制”，每一种模式都涉及到忏悔和公共生活以及国家和种族身份之间的不同解决方案。然而，由于地方层面的情况可能截然不同，该项目将以城市遗址为基础：每个国家的两个不同的城市区域，包括重要的犹太人和穆斯林人口或历史，以及不同的城市治理方法。我们建议在欧洲六所领先的研究型大学之间开展跨学科合作，包括社会学家、人类学家、城市学家和移民政策专家，并有合作的历史。该项目的方法论核心将是在潜在的穆斯林-犹太人相遇领域进行密集、细致的参与性观察，并结合对态度和话语分析的定量分析。该项目将促进跨学科和社会利益相关者之间的对话。

This proposal is for a study of intercultural, interethnic and interreligious encounters as exemplified by Jews and Muslims in urban Europe. The largest European populations of these two groups - overwhelmingly urban, concentrated in the same cities, and, strikingly, often in the same neighbourhoods - are in France, Germany and the UK, countries which on the face of it have followed different models of framing majority-minority relations, creating ideal conditions for a comparative study of the possibilities of living together in urban Europe. Although academic evidence indicates negative attitudes to Jews and to Muslims correlate with each other in wider society, current public discourse has instead emphasised growing antagonism between them, relating to events in the Middle East (including the Israel/Palestine conflict) and to the rise of Islamist terror and its counteraction. I.e. commentators have pointed to Muslims as key perpetrators of antisemitism. Ethnographic research, however, suggests that relations in urban neighbourhoods are often more complex: everyday commercial exchange, cultural traffic within music and arts scenes,spontaneous and institutionalised interfaith initiatives, nostalgic attempts to retrieve periods of conviviality, and banal contact in the street are among the many forms these relations can take. To address the lack of empirical and conceptual research of these two minorities, we will bring together a breadth of attitudinal quantitative data and qualitative (ethnographic and discourse analysis) research. To do this our transnational collaboration will explore the specificities of and commonalities between the countries, shaped by different national histories of integration including the place of religion in social and political life, but also by local variations on national policies, to better understand how different types of relations might arise. At the national scale, this includes an examination of migration and colonial histories, and of the classical models often attributed -British "pluralism", French "republicanism", German "federalism", each involving a different settlement between confessional and public life and national and ethnic identities. However, as the picture can radically differ on local level, the project will be grounded in urban sites: two diverse city-regions in each country including significant Jewish and Muslim populations or histories and differing approaches to urban governance. We propose an interdisciplinary collaboration across six leading European research universities, involving sociologists, anthropologists, urbanists and migration policy experts, with a history of collaboration. The core of the project methodologically will be intensive, granular participative observation in areas of potential Muslim-Jewish encounter, combined with quantitative analysis of attitudes and discourse analysis. The project will foster dialogue across academic disciplines and with societal stakeholders.