Study on the concepts of moving objects in naive physics and naite biology

本研究考察了朴素物理学和朴素生物学的本质和起源，发现它们与对物体运动的感知密切相关。具体地说，我们进行了以下实验，并获得了以下结果。成年受试者在计算机上观察到一个发光点的不同运动模式，这些模式在速度、加速度和方向上都不同，并要求他们对每个运动模式进行评级，分别是“意念中的力”和“运动中的控制”。研究发现，水平方向的运动通常被认为是外力或外力的结果，而垂直方向(向下)的运动通常被认为是自然的，没有外力或外力。这一结果完全符合初学者在物理学中的先入之见，即“物体的运动是由力引起的，如果物体静止不动，就不会施加力”，以及初学者对质量和质量的不区分，从而暗示了朴素的物理学和运动…之间的密切联系更多的页面。成年受试者在计算机监视器上观察昆虫、仓鼠、球和干叶的运动模式，这些模式由(1)发光点或(2)指示物体头部和尾巴的发光线表示。他们还观察了奔跑的动物和木偶动物的身体部位的运动，这些运动由连接在主要关节上的几个发光点表示。当被要求判断每种动作模式的“生命性”印象时，被试对动物的动作模式进行了明显的区分，这一点在任何表征模式下都是成立的。研究还发现，在模式(2)下，在整体运动轨迹保持不变的情况下，将线条的摆动改变为镜像运动时，线条的生命力印象消失，表明动物运动嵌套结构的层级关系是产生生命体印象的重要信息来源之一。因此，这项研究表明，除了学校生物学之外，人们对有生命和无生命物体的日常理解是分开的，而且这一理解关键是基于对物体运动的感知。较少

This study investigated the nature and origin of naive physics and naive biology and found that they are crucially linked to the perception of objects' motion.Specifically, we conducted the following experiments and obtained the following results.1. Adult subjects observed on a computer monitor various motion patterns of one luminous dot differing in speed, acceleration rate, and direction and asked to rate for each motion pattern "force in notion" and "control in motion". It was found that motion in horizontal direction was generally perceived as a result of some force excerted or applied and motion in vertical direction (downward) as natural notioii with no force excerted or applied. This result corresponds perfectly to a novice's preconception in physics that " Object's motion is caused by force and if the object is rest-in-stasis, no force is applied" and to the novice's undifferentiation between mass and weight, thus suggesting the close link between naive physics and motion perce … More ption.2. Adult subjects observed on a computer monitor the locomotion patterns of an insect, a hamster, a ball, and a dry leaf which were represented by (1) a luminous dot or (2) luminous line indicating object's head and tail. They also observe (3) body-part movements of a running animal and a puppet animal represented by several luminous dots attached to their major joints. When asked to judge each motion pattern's "animacy" impression, the subjects clearly discriminate animal's motion pattern, and this holds true at any representation mode. It was also found that when, at mode (2), the swaying movement of the line was experimentally changed to its mirror-image movement while the overall locomotion trail was intact, the line's animacy impression dissipated, indicating that inter -level relations of the nested structure of animal locomotion is one of the important source of information yeilding animacy impression. The study thus showed that there is everyday understanding of animate and inanimate objects separately from school biology and that is critically based on the perception of object's motion. Less