Life Course and Role Actions of Higher Civil Servants of Japan in Syowa Era.

本研究的目的在于揭示昭和时代日本官僚的社会生涯及其在政策制定中的角色行为。数据来源于对327名高级公务员的系统问卷调查和对49名公务员的生活史研究。调查对象按同期公职人员的四个队列进行排序。研究结果显示：1.高级公务员中，三分之二以上为城市籍。他们有受过高等教育的父亲和受过中等教育的母亲。他们的父亲从事专业工作，或担任某些公共或私人管理职位，或自营职业。（2）在大学生时代，他们形成了一种成为国家公职人员的动机，而影响这种动机的是父母的期望和公职人员亲属的榜样。（3）高级公务员的官僚生涯模式如下。他们24岁时被收养，40岁时升正，45岁时升科长，50岁时升局长，54岁时升副部长，55岁时退休。“职业辅导员”、“职业教师”、“赞助人”。5.虽然政治家和官僚的角色正在趋同，公务员选择“主观利益调整和社会改造”作为自我角色，认为官僚是决策中最具影响力的行为体，但他们认识到，执政党的领导人和党的决策机构也有影响力。因此，他们的目标是执政党的官僚和国会议员的联盟，以保持他们的影响力。

The purpose of this research is to demonstrate the social careers of bureaucrats of Japan in Syowa era, and their role actions in policymakingData are from a systematic survey with mail questionnaire of 327 higher civil servants and a life-history study with semi-directive interviews of 49 civil sevants. The subjects of survey were sorted by four cohorts adopted public employees during the same period. The results indicate the following findings.1.A majority of two-thirds of higher civil servants are city native place persons. They had higher educated fathers and middle-educated mothers. They had fathers in professions or some public or private managerial positions and self-employees. Seventy-five percent of respondents went to Tokyo University.2.They formed an incentive to become an official in the national public service in the university student times, and it was the expectation of parents and the modeling of the relatives who were public employees that influenced it.3.A modal pattern of bureaucratic career of higher civil servants is the following. They were adopted by 24 years old, and were promoted to chiefs by 40 years old, to section chiefs by 45, to bureau chiefs by 50, and to vice-ministers by 54, and retired from them by 55.4.Higher civil servants developed of their social careers with three kinds of convoys ; "vocational counseling persons", "teachers on careers", and "sponsors".5.Although the roles of politicians and bureaucrats are converging, civil servants select "subjective interest adjustment and reformation of society" as roles of self.They consider bureaucrats to be actors having influence most in policymaking, but they recognize that leaders of the ruling party and the policymaking engine of the party have influence, too. Therefore, they aim for the alliance of bureaucrats and Diet members of the ruling party in order to maintain their influence.