MAMAP-2D for CoMet 2.0 - Imaging atmospheric CO2 and CH4 distributions with passive remote sensing

“MAMAP-2D for COMET 2.0”提案的主要目标是利用新型机载传感器MAMAP-2D获取的CH4和CO2成像数据为HALO COMET 2.0任务研究问题做出贡献。这些研究问题集中在北极和热带湿地的CH4排放，以及它们与这些地区的自然地质源（渗漏）、废物、生物质燃烧以及化石燃料勘探和生产的排放进行比较。科学问题将通过在研究飞机HALO上飞行一套创新和独特的传感器来解决，以收集对湿地排放至关重要的区域的新数据集，并与总包提案中列出的模型数据进行比较[Fix et al. 2019]。不来梅大学的具体贡献是部署了新的CH4（和CO2）成像传感器MAMAP- 2D，以及HALO上的COMET传感器套装。MAMAP-2D将实现高分辨率（~125 m空间分辨率，~ 4 km轨道带）大气背景标准化干柱浓度CH4和CO2分布的高精度成像。由于CH4的主动和被动遥感的独特有效载荷组合，使用COMET 2.0可以首次测试扩展湿地的排放距离可以使用此类技术进行量化。COMET 2.0运动的另一个目标将是评估埋藏在北极和热带湿地或其周围的化石燃料生产地点和/或垃圾填埋场和/或自然地质源（渗漏）或生物质燃烧的人为排放。在这里，MAMAP-2D的新成像能力将允许以125米的空间分辨率和近似分辨率对这些区域进行成像。4公里横跨轨道带(假设飞行高度约为。8公里)。这将使化石燃料生产现场的点源识别和单一排放者的识别成为可能，例如这些地点的泄漏。为了实现测量目标，计划执行两个活动。其中一个将于2022年夏天在加拿大北极地区进行，覆盖了哈德逊湾低地或麦肯齐河流域等主要北极湿地，以及“附近”的石油和天然气生产区，如巴肯页岩或阿萨布斯卡油砂。COMET 2.0的第二部分预计将于2023年春季在南美洲热带地区实施，覆盖亚马逊盆地或潘塔纳尔河等主要热带湿地，以及“附近”的人为目标（委内瑞拉的石油/天然气等）。拟议的活动包括这两个运动以及不来梅大学的筹备活动，包括为HALO核证MAMAP-2D和数据保证和评价收集到的数据集。这些数据将与COMET 2.0联盟中的建模小组一起使用，以改进对上述区域和目标的排放估计。由于还计划进行卫星飞行（S-5P、GOSAT-2等），该活动也将有助于卫星验证。

The main objective of the proposal “MAMAP-2D for COMET 2.0” is to contribute with imaging CH4 and CO2 data acquired by the new airborne sensor MAMAP-2D to the HALO COMET 2.0 mission research questions. These research questions focus on arctic and tropical wetland CH4 emissions and how they compare to emissions from natural geological sources (seeps), waste, and biomass burning as well as fossil fuel exploration and production in those areas. The science questions will be addressed by flying an innovative and unique suit of sensors on the research aircraft HALO to collect new data sets in the regions critical for wetland emissions, and confront them with model data as out lined in the umbrella proposal [Fix et al. 2019]. The specific contribution of the University of Bremen is the deployment of the new imaging sensor for CH4 (and CO2) – MAMAP- 2D – together with the COMET sensor suit on HALO. MAMAP-2D will allow high resolution imaging (~125 m spatial resolution, ~ 4 km across track swath) of atmospheric distributions of the background normalized dry column concentrations of CH4 and CO2 with high precision. Due to the unique payload combination of active and passive remote sensing of CH4, with COMET 2.0 it can be tested for the first time how far emissions from extended wetlands are quantifiable using such techniques. Another aim of the COMET 2.0 campaign will be the assessment of anthropogenic emissions from fossil fuel production sites and/or landfills and/or natural geological sources (seeps) or biomass burning embedded in or surrounding arctic and tropical wetlands. Here the new imaging capabilities of MAMAP-2D will allow imaging of such areas with 125 m spatial resolution and approx. 4 km across track swath (assuming a flight height of approx. 8 km). This will allow the identification of point sources from fossil fuel production sites and identification of single emitters such as leakages across these sites. To achieve the measurement goals two campaigns are planned to be executed. One in summer 2022 in the Canadian Artic covering major arctic wetlands like the Hudson Bay Lowlands or the Mackenzie River Basin as well as “nearby” oil and gas production areas like the Bakken shale or the Athabsca Oil Sands. The second part of COMET 2.0 is envisioned to be executed in spring 2023 in tropical South America covering major tropical wetlands like the Amazon Basin or the Pantanal, as well as “nearby” anthropogenic targets (oil/gas in Venezuela etc.). The proposed activity covers both campaigns as well as the preparatory activities at University of Bremen including the certification of MAMAP-2D for HALO and data assurance and evaluation of the collected data sets. The data will be used together with the modelling groups in the COMET 2.0 consortium to improve emission estimates for the regions and targets mentioned above. As under flights of satellites (S-5P, GOSAT-2 etc) are also planned, the activity will contribute also to satellite validation.