A Study on The post-earthquake international assistance for the enhancement of its effectiveness

首先，我们收集了两类灾害数据，即：(1)从紧急到重建阶段的反应和重建；(2)过去地震灾害中的国际援助。响应和重建数据来自1972年尼加拉瓜、马那瓜地震、1976年唐山、中国地震和1992年土耳其埃尔津坎地震。我们收集了1988年亚美尼亚斯皮塔克地震、1992年土耳其埃尔津坎地震和1995年兵库县南部地震的援助数据。然后，我们分析了收集到的数据，以寻找改善灾难中国际援助的方法。我们得出了受灾地区从紧急响应到长期恢复的灾后活动进展的总体思路，因此我们能够广泛地确定可能的国际援助需求。在一些灾害中，受灾地区需要10至20年的时间才能完成住房、基础设施和公共设施的重建。捐助国可能会在长期恢复援助中找到机会。另一方面，我们根据收集的数据审查了国际援助的实际状况。调查了参与援助活动的国家、援助类型(在人力、物质或财政支持方面)以及提供援助和接受援助之间的关系。研究发现，受援国倾向于接受资金支持，而许多捐赠国则建议提供人力资源。最后，我们讨论了“长期救灾援助”与区域发展援助之间可能存在的关系。对受灾地区的发展援助可能是一种可以接受的灾害援助形式，在这种情况下，捐助国可以找到许多机会，受援国可以接受地处理这种需要。

We, first, collected two types of disaster data, namely : (1) Response and reconstruction for the period from emergency to reconstruction phase ; (2) International assistance in past earthquake disasters. Response and reconstruction data were collected from the 1972 Nicaragua, Managua earthquake, the 1976 Tangshan, China earthquake, and the 1992 Erzincan, Turkey earthquake. Assistance data were collected from the 1988 Spitak, Armenia earthquake, the 1992 Erzincan, Turkey earthquake, and 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu earthquake.We, then, analyzed the collected data to find ways for the improvement of international assistance in a disaster.We derived a generic idea for the progress of post-disaster activities in a affected area, ranging from emergency response to long-term rehabilitation, so that we were able to broadly identify possible needs for international assistance. In some disasters, affected areas needed a period of 10 to 20 years to complete their rebuilding of dwellings, infrastructures, and public facilities. Donating countries may find their opportunities in the assistance of long-term recovery.On the other hand, we examined the actual state of international assistance on the basis of the collected data. Countries involved in assisting activities, types of assistance (in terms of : human, material, or financial support), and the relationship between the offer of assistance and its acceptance were investigated. Several tendencies, such as the fact that receiving countries prefer to accept financial support, while many donating countries proposed human resources, were found out.We, finally, discussed possible relationship between "long-term disaster assistance" and assistance for regional development. Development assistance for an affected area may be an acceptable form of disaster assistance, in which donating countries can find many opportunities and receiving countries can acceptably handle the need.