The Influence of Strong Stellar Particle Events and Galactic Cosmic Rays on Exoplanetary Atmospheres (INCREASE)

系外行星的多样性令人着迷，因为它的范围很广。体积性质各不相同，从低密度的超热木星，到建议的气体-冰岩混合物，如GJ1214b，以及密度超过地球密度两倍的LHS1140b。质量-半径关系表明，对于给定的半径，行星质量可以变化很大，反之亦然，覆盖的大小从亚地球到几个木星半径。最近的亮点包括拟议中的海王星沙漠，以及被称为富尔顿缺口的陆地超级地球和微型气体行星之间的半径差距。关于丰富多样的系外行星的大气，还有很多有待了解的地方。对于一些受欢迎的系统，如GJ1214b、比邻星b和Trappist-1，第一次大气观测要么已经存在，要么将在未来几年进行。为了解释这些观测，有必要对行星大气进行专门的模型研究，考虑到大气逃逸、放气、气候、光化学和气雨物理，以及对恒星电磁辐射和恒星宇宙射线和银河宇宙射线(SCR和GCR)在恒星天体球体和行星磁场中的传输的一致处理。为了实现上述目标，在这个项目中，我们将应用并进一步扩展我们新开发的行星大气模型套件，以计算可观测到的行星半径、大气反照率和光谱的演化快照。我们将回答以下科学问题：Q1：是什么过程决定了较冷恒星周围的(岩石)世界是否可以保留它们的大气？Q2：对于凉爽的恒星系统，不同的大气是如何演变的？Q3：我们的研究结果与一些受欢迎的系统的观测结果相比如何？特别是，我们将对广泛可能的系外大气和恒星环境进行模型研究。我们将从SCR和GCR通量对行星气候、大气密度和组成、表面辐射和行星辐射剂量的影响方面分析这些结果。

Exoplanetary diversity is as fascinating as it is wide-ranging. Bulk properties vary from low-density ultra hot Jupiters, proposed gas-ice-rock mixtures such as GJ1214b, and worlds such as LHS1140b with over twice Earth’s density. The mass-radius relation suggests that the planetary mass can vary widely for a given radius, and vice-versa covering sizes from sub-Earth up to several Jupiter radii. Recent highlights include the proposed Neptunian desert and a radius gap between the population of terrestrial Super-Earths and Mini Gas Planets known as the Fulton gap.Much remains to be learned about the atmospheres of richly diverse exoplanets. For some favoured systems such as GJ1214b, Proxima Centauri b, and TRAPPIST-1 first atmospheric observations are either present or will come in the next few years. To interpret these observations, dedicated model studies of planetary atmospheres are necessary considering atmospheric escape, outgassing, climate, photochemistry, and air shower physics as well as consistent treatments of the stellar electromagnetic radiation and the transport of the stellar cosmic rays and Galactic cosmic ray (SCRs and GCRs) within stellar astrospheres and planetary magnetic fields.To achieve the above in this project, we will apply and further expand our newly developed model suite for exoplanetary atmospheres to calculate evolutionary snapshots of the observables planetary radii, atmospheric albedo, and spectra. We will address the following science questions:Q1: What processes determine whether (rocky) worlds around cooler stars can retain their atmospheres?Q2: How do different atmospheres evolve for cool star systems?Q3: How do results from our study compare with observations for some favoured systems?In particular, we will carry out model studies over a wide range of possible exoplanetary atmospheres and stellar environments. We will analyse these results with regard to the impact of SCR and GCR fluxes on planetary climate, atmospheric density and composition, surface radiation and the planets’ radiation dosage.