Endeavor to distinguish the universal factors and culturally specific factors in the development quotient of tree drawing tests

在这四年中，我们访问了几个不同的国家，体验和观看不同的自然植被。同时，我们还请每个国家的人们画一棵树，并积累了树木绘画的数据。我们访问过的国家包括西非的喀麦隆、印度尼西亚的巴厘岛、中国的丽江、孟加拉国、斯里兰卡、罗马尼亚的克卢伊-纳波卡、匈牙利的布达佩斯、喀麦隆首都雅温得和北方爱尔兰的贝尔法斯特。至于贝尔法斯特，由于准备不充分，我们只观察了自然植被，无法获得树木图纸。我们积累的树木图纸数据由小野佳彦等人开发的Baum Viewer软件输入计算机。与此同时，我们还检查了每幅图的顶端终止风格，树木上部冠状部分与树干之间的比例，树皮表达的风格，树木的位置，树木的大小和 ...更多信息 土地和根。然后用数字表示，并讨论了各个国家的差异和特点，这些国家使用不同的语言，所以词树自然也不同。因此，我们需要研究“树”这个词在每个国家有什么样的含义。然后考察了树、土、水、火、风、天、草、人、木等9个词在每种语言中的语义空间中的配置，得出了树画反映了人们在每种自然环境中的心理状态的结论。例如，我们发现“拍摄表情”是与棕榈树生活在一起的人的树图像的特征之一。我们认为这个“镜头表达”是一种世界观的表达，它说个人是生命洪流的一部分，从生命洪流的角度来看，个人的存在只是一个很小的部分。另一个例子是喀麦隆的树木绘画。没有在国家一级接受过正规制度化教育的爱沙尼亚人划一条线的经验被认为与其他地区的人不同。我们的下一个任务是重新审视画一条线作为图像表达的实质意义。少

During these four years, we have visited several different countries, experiencing and watching different natural vegetations. And at the same occasion we have asked people living in each country to draw a tree and accumulated data of tree drawings. The countries we have visited include Cameroon in West Africa, Bali in Indonesia, Lijiang in China, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Cluj-Napoca in Romania, Budapest in Hungary, Yaunde, capital city in Cameroon and Belfast in Northern Ireland. As for Belfast, we only observed the natural vegetation and could not get tree drawings because of our incomplete preparation.Data of tree drawings we have accumulated are taken into the computer by Baum Viewer Software developed by Yoshihiko Ono and others. At the same time we have examined each drawing in terms of the style of apical termination, the ratio between the upper crown-like part of a tree and tree trunk, the style of bark expression, the placement of a tree, the size of a tree and the expression of … More the earth and roots. And then we have expressed them numerically and discussed the differences and characteristics of each country.The word tree is naturally different among those countries because they use different languages. Therefore we needed to examine what kind of meaning the word "tree" in each country has. Then we have investigated the configurations of 9 word, such as tree, earth, water, fire, wind, sky, grass, human and woods, in a semantic space in each language.We have come to conclude that tree drawings reflect the mentality of people living in each natural environment. For example, we found the "shoot expression" as one of the characteristics of tree images among the people living with palm trees. We considered this "shoot expression" was an expression of a world view that says the individual is part of the great flow of life, and that from the perspective of that great flow, the individual existence was merely a tiny part. Another example is appeared among tree drawing in Cameroon. Experiences of drawing a single line by Cameroonian people who had not experienced formal institutionalized education at the national level were considered to be different from those who had in other regions. It is considered to be our next task that we should re-vision the substantial meaning of drawing a single line as the expression on an image. Less