Comparative history of capital and capital system in the Eeast Asia various countries

在日本、中国、韩国、朝鲜和越南等东亚国家，古都遗迹以不同的形式和程度存在。这些国家在从古代到现代的过渡中都采用了城堡城镇作为其政治制度的一部分。首先，主要在中国形成了一个具有共同价值观的社会，然后在周边的东亚国家，城堡城镇被采纳为社会的一个重要元素。尽管人们从不同的角度对城堡镇进行了细致的研究，但城堡镇受到周围文化和地理环境的极大影响。因此，每个城堡镇都具有其所在地区特有的形状，因此它们在每个地区都是不同的。在我们的研究中，我们重点研究了形成城堡城镇外部形状的四个因素：(i)围绕首都的外墙，（ii）墓地，（i…More）只允许特殊人群进入的花园，以及（iv）崇拜天地的宗教设施。在这些因素的基础上，我们与国外研究者合作，考察了不同地区城堡城镇的异同。这项研究使我们得出结论，尽管每个地区的城堡城镇不同，但它们有许多相似之处，并且服从于支配其发展的同一种规律。我们还将从其他因素来考察它们，从而揭示东亚城堡城镇之间更多的异同。作为这项研究的一部分，我们与来自中国、韩国和越南的研究人员组成了一个国际研究小组。我们不仅邀请他们到日本举办了几次研讨会，还与他们一起在越南进行了实地考察。这次联合研究对考察东亚的各种城堡城镇非常有用，我们同意继续研究，以长远的眼光进一步调查这些遗址。少

The remains of ancient capitals that are called castle towns exist in different forms and to varying degrees in several countries in East Asia such as Japan, China, South Korea, North Korea and Vietnam. These countries all adopted castle towns as part of their political systems in the transition from ancient to modern times. At first, a society with common values was formed mainly in China, and then castle towns were adopted as an important element of the societies in the surrounding East Asian countries.Although castle towns have been closely examined separately from the surrounding environment and from various viewpoints, the castle towns were greatly influenced by their surrounding cultural and geographic environments. As a result, each castle town assumed a shape peculiar to its area so that they were different in each area. In our research, we focused upon four factors that formed the outer shape of the castle towns : (i) outside walls surrounding the capitals, (ii) cemeteries, (i … More ii) gardens which only special people were allowed to enter, and (iv) religious facilities for worshipping the heavens and the earth. On the basis of these factors, we examined the differences and similarities of castle towns in various areas by cooperating with overseas researchers. This research led us to conclude that although castle towns were different in each area, they possessed many similarities and were subject to the same kind of laws that governed their development. We shall examine them in terms of other factors as well and then reveal more similarities and differences among castle towns in East Asia.As a part of this research, we formed an international study team with researchers in China, South Korea, and Vietnam. We not only invited them to Japan to hold several workshops but also carried out fieldwork in Vietnam with them. This joint research was very useful for examining various castle towns in East Asia and we have agreed to continue the research for further investigation of these sites with a long-range perspective. Less