Interdisciplinary Research on the Origin of Rice Agriculture of Japan

本研究共分为五个部分；稻田遗址调查、石器研究、黑陶稳定同位素分析、山东古人类骨骼物理人类学研究以及山东与辽东半岛的史前关系研究。这些研究的目的是为了证明我们关于早期农业在东北亚传播的第二和第三阶段的假设。虽然在研究之前没有发现水田遗址，但通过对山东梁城镇和盐家泉遗址的取心和试掘，我们得到了龙山文化时期盐家泉遗址存在有山口水田的可能性。与此同时，在山东龙山文化赵家庄遗址发现了不规则形状的山口稻田。这一考古证据表明，水田等灌溉农业系统起源于山东。此外，根据龙山文化黑陶的稳定同位素分析，明确了山东东南部黄海沿岸龙山文化中大米比小米更稳定的食物。该结果与浮选法组合种子的结果一致。黑陶的同位素分析表明，从山东东南部经烟台地区到辽东半岛，C3植物如水稻在地理上呈递减趋势。这条路线应该是水稻农业的推广路线。本课题的第五项研究分析了辽东半岛四平山遗址的墓葬习俗，阐明了山东烟台地区的一些人迁移到辽东半岛，并与当地人一起迁移。而对石器的分析也证明了这一时期的石器是从烟台地区传播到辽东半岛的。越石文化的下一个阶段，即农业在东北亚传播的第三个阶段，不仅有各种各样的石器，而且还有水田灌溉农业和木制农具，随着人们的移民从烟台地区传播到辽东半岛。然而，在我们的研究中，生理人类学分析并没有足够的证据来证明移民。这是留给未来的问题。少

This research consists of five parts; survey of rice paddy sites, research of stone tools, stable isotope analysis of black pottery, physical anthropological study of ancient human bones in Shandong, and a study on the relationship in the prehistory between Shandong and Liaodong Peninsula The purpose of these studies is to be proved about our hypothesis in the second and the third stage of spread of early agriculture in the North-eastern Asia. Even though the rice paddy site was not found before our research, we got a probability that there was rice paddy field with foot pass at the Yanjiaquan site in the Longhshan Culture through the coring and trial excavation at the Yanjiaquan site and the Liangchengzhen site in Shandong. In the same time, it was found the rice paddy filed with foot pass in the irregular form at the Zhaojiazhuang site of Longshan Culture in Shandong. This archaeological evidence indicates that the irrigated agricultural system such as a rice paddy filed was originat … More ed in Shandong. In addition, according to the stable isotope analysis of black pottery of Longshan Culture, it is clear that rice is more stable food than millet in Longshan Culture of south-eastern Shandon along the Yellow Sea. This result accords with the result of seeds combination through the floatation methods. And the isotope analysis of black pottery indicates that C3 plant like rice is decreasing from the south- eastern Shandong through Yantai district to the Liaodong Peninsula on the geographical decline. This route should be the route of spread of rice agriculture. This is the second stage of spread of North-eastern Asia The fifth research of our project analyzed the burial customs of the Sipingshan Cairns, Liaodong Peninsula, and elucidated that some people of Yantai district of Shandong moved to Liaodong peninsula where they migrated with native people. And the analysis of stone tools also proved that stone tools spread from Yantai district to Liaodong Peninsula in this time. At the next step of the Yueshi Culture which is the third stage of spread of agriculture in the North-eastern Asia, not only various type of stone tools but also the irrigated agriculture with rice paddy field and wooden agricultural tools spread from Yantai district to the Liaodong Peninsula in accordance with people immigration. However physical anthropological analysis has not enough proof about immigration in this time of our research. This is left the questions in the future. Less