Development of Global Map on Human and Environment and Its Application to Habitability Assessment

政府间气候变化专门委员会的最新报告正式承认，全球变暖是由人类活动引起的，许多科学文章都报道了这一证据。该报告提高了公众对如何可持续利用地球环境资源的讨论的认识。典型的例子是全球粮食安全问题、作物生物燃料生产与粮食生产之间的冲突以及水资源问题。日益增长的公众关注对保护全球地球环境至关重要，因为控制人类活动是最终的对策。然而，除了具有吸引力的可视化之外，更为严谨和定量的讨论材料对改善环境质量的决策和投资至关重要。全球人类与环境地图（Global map on Human and Environment）是一个基于定量综合模拟结果，可视化人类生产和居住活动从过去、现在到未来如何改变景观和资源利用的平台。本研究的主要成果是：(1)建立了一个集土地利用（农业和城市）、人类生产消费活动和国际贸易活动为一体的模拟模型；(2)利用多种观测和统计数据对综合模型进行自动定标。它可以帮助减少每当有新数据可用时修改模型的时间和劳动。此外，还利用大量全球卫星图像档案编制了城市和人类住区及道路网制图方法，以补充现有的与人类有关的全球数据。(3)建立元数据模式，实现分布式全球对地观测数据和统计数据等的检索。(4)最后，根据IPCC最新报告提供的气候变化情景，对未来土地利用变化情景进行了论证。

The latest IPCC report officially recognized that global warming is induced by human activities and that evidences were reported by a number of scientific articles. The report raised public awareness on the discussion on how to use Earth environmental resources on the sustainable basis. Typical examples are global food security issues, conflicts between bio-fuel production from crops and food production and water resource issues. Growing public concern is critical to the conservation of global earth environment, because the control of human activities is an ultimate countermeasure. More rigorous and quantitative discussion materials, however, are crucially important in policy makings and investment for improving environmental quality, in addition to the attractive visualization. Global map on Human and Environment is a platform visualizing how human production and habitation activities change the landscape and resource uses from the past, present to the future based on quantitative integrated simulation results. The achievements of this study is (1) development of a simulation model integrating land-use (agriculture and urban), human production-consumption activities and international trading activities, (2) automated calibration of the integrated model using a variety of observation and statistical data. It can help reduce time and labor of revising the model whenever new data are available. In addition, a methodology of mapping urban and human settlements and road network are developed using a large archive of global satellite imagery, to complement the existing human-associated global data. (3) Metadata schema is developed so that distributed global earth observation data and statistical data etc can be retrieved. (4) Finally, future land-use change scenarios are proved according to the climate change scenario provided by the latest IPCC report.