Water Networks between Ecology and Economy: The intraregional and interregional interlinking of the city of Hangzhou via waterways from the Song to the Ming dynasties from microhistorical and macrohistorical perspectives

在本DFG项目成果的基础上，对北宋、南宋（960-1127、1127-1279）、元（1279-1368）和明（1368-1644）时期杭州/林城和西湖供水的生态和经济进行微观历史研究，项目的继续将扩大其指导问题。它将探讨杭州作为区域内和区域间主要货物运输水路网络的中心，以便在宏观历史变化的更广泛背景下理解水管理依赖于生态和经济条件。杭州位于大运河与浙江的交汇处，在北宋时期成为一个贸易中心。由于浙江河口的淤积，需要另一种连接城市与海洋的方式。因此，大运河的东北分支运河被用作连接甘浦和乍浦海港的通道，而浙江运输运河则被用作大运河到定海海港的延伸。从这些港口，水路通往其他沿海港口和海外。内陆的运输经浙江到达杭州。该项目将分析大都市和临时首都如何只有通过从周边地区和其他地区进口主要商品的水网相互联系才能在经济上可行。然而，城市的经济实力是建立在从盈余赤字地区转运商品的基础上的，这导致了这些地区的经济和生态反馈效应，并促进了这些地区从粮食作物到经济作物的专业化和结构变化。此外，该项目将揭示气候变化，特别是气候变冷，以及随着朝代首都后续搬迁而发生的地缘政治优先事项的转移，对杭州水网及其水文设施结构的适应需求。女真征服华北后，大运河中断，来自长江下游以南地区的运输从另一个方向转向南方，杭州从东南沿海地区的进口增加了。元朝期间，由于大运河的战争破坏，向北方的运输暂时改道走海路。对这些问题的研究主要基于临安/杭州及其相关地区的地方地名、对城市的非正式描述、私人笔记和包含清代原始资料的档案汇编，并辅以地图、绘画和考古发现。

Based on the results of the present DFG project with a micro-historical focus on the ecology and economy of the water supply of the city of Hangzhou / Lin´ and from the West Lake (Xihu) in the Northern and Southern Song (960–1127, 1127–1279), Yuan (1279–1368), and Ming (1368–1644) dynasties, the continuation of the project will expand its guiding question. It will inquire into Hangzhou as the center of an intraregional and interregional network of waterways for the transportation of staple goods in order to comprehend water management as dependent on ecological and economic conditions in the wider context of macro-historical changes. Situated at the intersection of the Grand Canal with the Zhe River, the city of Hangzhou emerged as a trading hub during the Northern Song. Due to the progressive siltation of the estuary of the Zhe River, an alternative connection of the city to the sea was needed. Therefore, the northeastern branch canal of the Grand Canal was used as a link to the seaports of Ganpu and Zhapu and the Zhedong Transport Canal served as an extension of the Grand Canal to the seaport of Dinghai. From these ports, waterways led to other coastal ports and overseas. Transports from the interior reached Hangzhou via the Zhe River. The project will analyze how a metropolis and temporary capital was only viable in terms of economy by way of interlinkage of water networks where staple goods from the surrounding region and other regions were imported. Yet, the city’s economic power was based on the transshipment of commodities from surplus deficit regions, resulting in economic and ecological feedback effects in these regions and promoting specializations and structural change from food crops to cash crops there. Furthermore, the project will reveal how climate change, especially climatic cooling, and the shift of geopolitical priorities with follow-up relocation of dynastic capitals required the adaption of the structure of Hangzhou’s water networks and their hydrological facilities. When after the Jurchen conquest of North China the Grand Canal was disrupted, transports from the region south of the lower Yangzi travelled the other direction to the south and Hangzhou´s imports from regions on the southeast coast increased. During the Yuan, due to war damages on the Grand Canal, transports to the north were temporarily redirected on the sea route. When coastal transports were restricted during the Ming, vice versa, canal transports were promoted again The research on these questions is mainly based on the local gazetteers of Lin’an / Hangzhou and the regions linked with it, informal descriptions of the city, private notes, and archival compilations inclusive of Qing dynastic source material, supplemented by maps, paintings, and archeologic findings.