Development of an Operational Snowmelt Runoff Management System Based on Multi-Dimensional Information

为解决积雪对当地水资源和全球气候变率的影响，结合流域雪水当量模型、1-D融雪模型、分布式径流模型、卫星遥感技术和GIS技术，构建了中尺度地区分布式融雪径流模拟系统。利用卫星数据获得的积雪覆盖面积作为估算全流域雪水当量和融雪分布的输入数据。地理信息系统提供了影响雪水当量、融雪量和径流分布的地形特征。1-D融雪模式由辐射、感热通量和潜热通量强迫融雪的几种现有模式组成。分布式融雪模式是将业务气象观测网的一维融雪模式与相对较少的观测参数相结合而形成的。分布式径流模型由基于GIS的河道网络生成组件和流量计算组件组成。本研究开发的系统专门用于业务用途，预计将应用于区域和国家的雪水资源管理。

To address the snow-related issues on local water resources and the global climate variability, a distributed snowmelt runoff modeling system for meso-scale regions was developed by incorporating a model for basin-wide snow water equivalent, an 1-D snowmelt model, a distributed runoff model, the satellite remote sensing technique and GIS.Snow covered area derived from satellite data is used as the input data for estimation of basin-wide snow water equivalent and snowmelt distribution. GIS provides topographical characteristics which affects distributions of snow water equivalent, snowmelt and runoff. The 1-D snowmelt model consists of the several existing models for snowmelt forcing by radiation and sensible and latent heat fluxes. The distributed snowmelt model was developed by incorporating the 1-D snowmelt model with relatively small number of observational parameters which are available from the operational meteorological observation network. The distributed runoff model consists of a river channel network generation component by using GIS and a flow calculation component.The developed system in this study is dedicated to an operational use and is expected to be applied to the regional and national water resources management of snow.